James McElvenny, "A History of Modern Linguistics: From the Beginnings to World War II" (Edinburgh UP, 2024)
Apr 9, 2024
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Ingrid Piller interviews James McElvenny about his book on the history of modern linguistics, covering the emergence of the discipline in 19th century Germany and its transition to an American science. They discuss key figures, controversies, and the societal influence on linguistic ideas. Topics include methodological breakthroughs, the evolution of linguistic study, and the dichotomy between science and humanities in linguistics.
German nationalism influenced the development of modern linguistics by emphasizing linguistic research as a means to unite the German national consciousness.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis highlights the interplay between language and thought, emphasizing how language shapes worldview and influences cognitive processes.
Deep dives
The Origins of Writing Modern Linguistics
The history of modern linguistics is traced back to the establishment of modern research universities, particularly with the University of Berlin in the early 19th century. This period marked the beginning of a distinct discipline that focused on university-level study of linguistics. The discipline aimed to move away from traditional philology and focus on the structure and forms of languages as a key object of study. The shift towards disciplinary linguistics emphasized grammar and forms, departing from the traditional focus on literature and culture found in earlier linguistic studies.
German Nationalism and Linguistic Identity
In the development of modern linguistics, German nationalism played a significant role in shaping linguistic identity. Figures like Wilhelm von Humboldt and scholars in Germany emphasized linguistic research as a means to unite the German national consciousness. Through historical comparative linguistics, German scholars aimed to demonstrate the connection of German to the broader Indo-European language family, elevating the status of German language and culture within a historical context. The focus on German linguistic heritage and roots in Indo-European languages helped forge a sense of national identity.
Key Methodological Breakthroughs in Linguistics
Key figures like Franz Bopp and Jacob Grimm introduced methodological innovations in linguistics that influenced the field's development. Bopp's meticulous comparative analysis of conjugational forms across European languages provided insights into the reconstruction of ancestral language forms. Grimm's establishment of sound laws highlighted how specific sounds evolve over time in languages. These methodological breakthroughs marked a departure from traditional philology and contributed to the scientific approach to studying language structure and evolution.
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and Linguistic Relativity
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, though not explicitly formulated as a testable hypothesis by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, focused on the interplay between language and thought. The hypothesis explored how language shapes worldview and influences cognitive processes. It underscored the importance of linguistic diversity and the impact of language structure on shaping perceptions and cultural norms. Sapir and Whorf's emphasis on linguistic relativity drew attention to the role of language in shaping individual and collective understanding of the world.
This book offers a concise history of modern linguistics from its emergence in the early nineteenth century up to the end of World War II. Written as a collective biography of the field, it concentrates on the interaction between the leading figures of linguistics, their controversies, and the role of the social and political context in shaping their ideas and methods.
In the conversation we focus on the national aspects of the story of modern linguistics: the emergence of the discipline in 19th century Germany and passing of the baton to make it an American science in the 20th century.
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