Ancient traits in a modern world | Sunetra Gupta, Anders Sandberg, Subrena Smith
Nov 14, 2023
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Evolutionary biologist Sunetra Gupta, neuroscientist Anders Sandberg, and psychologist Subrena Smith discuss the compatibility of our neurobiology with the modern world. They explore topics like the impact of storytelling and virtue signaling, the inadequacy of neurobiology in dealing with 21st-century challenges, the relevance of evolution in humans, and the tension between biology and human values. The panel debates whether our ancient traits are now risking our species and if we can change our behavior before it's too late.
Our neurobiology may have evolved to solve challenges in a different world, posing mismatches in the modern society that need to be addressed through advancements.
Compassion should guide our decisions and actions, and societal and cultural factors play a crucial role in shaping human tendencies towards violence and greed.
Deep dives
Evolution and Neurobiology in the Modern World
The podcast episode explores the question of whether our neurobiology is at odds with the modern world. The panel discusses the idea of being post-evolutionary and whether our neurobiology is ill-equipped to deal with the challenges of the 21st century. They highlight that while evolutionary forces and natural selection continue to shape organisms, our ability to adapt and change as a species gives us a unique advantage. The speakers emphasize the complexity of neurobiology and caution against oversimplifying human traits such as violence and compassion as innate or hardwired. They argue that compassion should guide our decisions and actions, and that evolution is a continuous process influenced by individual preferences, societal changes, and cultural narratives.
Narrative Fallacy and Signaling Virtue
The speakers discuss the human tendency to love good stories and the potential pitfalls of narrative fallacy, where storytelling can lead to the dismissal of facts and the perpetuation of comfortable beliefs. They also explore the ancestral trait of signaling virtue, which was once valuable for social cohesion and trust but can now be performative and have negative consequences. While acknowledging the upsides and downsides of these social traits, they highlight the importance of compassion as a guiding principle to address the challenges of the modern world.
Evolutionary Mismatches and Human Neurobiology
The panel delves into the concept of evolutionary mismatches, highlighting how our neurobiology evolved to solve challenges in a vastly different world from the one we live in today, posing the question of whether our Paleolithic hardware is no longer equipped for the contemporary world. They discuss mismatches such as increased blood pressure and stress response, as well as the potential for cruelty and maladaptive behaviors in the current societal context. While noting that certain aspects of our neurobiology may be less suited to the challenges of the 21st century, they emphasize the importance of understanding and addressing these mismatches through societal, cultural, and technological advancements.
Compassion, Violence, and Greed in Human Nature
The speakers engage in a conversation about innate human tendencies toward compassion, violence, and greed. They challenge the notion of violence as an inherent part of being human, explaining that while human beings have the capacity for violence, it is societal and cultural factors that shape how violence is expressed and controlled. They also explore the role of greed, which they see as a potential consequence of natural selection and a factor that can lead to cruelty. They highlight the need to temper these tendencies with concepts of compassion, empathy, and cultural evolution, encouraging society to strive for greater well-being and ethical values.
We see the remarkable evolution of the human brain as one of the driving factors behind our success as a species. Our neurobiology evolved though to solve challenges in a drastically different world than we find ourselves in today. Might our evolved traits, once advantageous, now be our Achilles heel? For human aggression, inventiveness and a determination to overcome enemies, once evolutionarily effective now risk resource, technology, and nuclear crises each with the potential to bring our species to an end. Can we find ways to change our behaviour before it is too late?
Professor of Theoretical Epidemiology at the University of Oxford Sunetra Gupta, research fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford Anders Sandberg and philosopher of biology Subrena Smith debate whether or not our neurobiology inadequate to deal with the challenges of the 21st century. Güneş Taylor hosts.