Marcus Aurelius should be considered a Stoic philosopher, despite not explicitly identifying as one in his writings.
The complex issue of succession during Marcus Aurelius' reign highlights the challenges of preventing civil war and maintaining stability within the empire.
Marcus Aurelius' remarkable ability to maintain resilience and uphold his stoic philosophy in the face of immense personal tragedy is truly inspiring.
Deep dives
The Influence of Stoicism on Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius, the Roman emperor, was influenced by Stoicism throughout his life. While he never explicitly claimed to be a Stoic in his written work, his philosophical ideas and actions align closely with Stoic principles. Other historical records indicate that Marcus was seen as a philosopher and admired for his wisdom and benevolent rule. Despite some criticism regarding his treatment of Christians, there is no evidence to suggest that he deviated from Stoic principles during his reign.
The Complexity of Marcus Aurelius' Succession
The issue of succession during Marcus Aurelius' reign was complex. He faced challenges regarding choosing his successor, including considering his stepbrother Lucius Verus and the general Pompeianus as potential candidates. Historical accounts highlight the difficulties in preventing civil war and the fragmentation of the empire. Ultimately, Marcus chose Commodus as his successor, which proved to be a controversial decision. However, considering the political landscape, it was seen as a potential means to maintain stability, even though Commodus' reign turned out to be problematic.
Interpreting Marcus Aurelius as a Stoic
While Marcus Aurelius never explicitly stated his identification as a Stoic, his philosophical ideas, references to Stoic principles, and widespread recognition as a philosopher indicate his strong adherence to Stoicism. The absence of self-designation as a Stoic in his writings may be attributed to various factors, including the Stoic focus on living in accordance with nature rather than adopting a specific label. Furthermore, the term 'Stoic' might not have been used in the same way during Marcus's time as it is today. Overall, the consensus among scholars is that Marcus Aurelius should be considered a Stoic philosopher.
The Resilience of Marcus Aurelius in the Midst of Tragedy
One of the remarkable aspects of Marcus Aurelius' life was his ability to maintain resilience and carry on despite enduring immense personal tragedy. He lost several of his children, with estimates suggesting between seven to eight deaths due to the Antonine plague and other tragic circumstances. The loss of eight children would be devastating for any parent, but Marcus somehow managed to maintain his composure and continue fulfilling his duties as Emperor. It is truly remarkable how he was able to persevere and remain committed to his stoic philosophy, finding strength amidst a seemingly unimaginable amount of sorrow and grief.
Marcus Aurelius' Stoic Philosophy and Ethical Cosmopolitanism
Marcus Aurelius' stoic philosophy extends beyond mere resilience in the face of tragedy. His writings consistently emphasize the importance of caring for others, exhibiting natural affection, and fostering ethical cosmopolitanism. While some may perceive stoicism as solely a coping mechanism, Marcus repeatedly stresses the need for love, compassion, and an interconnectedness with both nature and humanity. He places great emphasis on virtue, living in accordance with reason, and the pursuit of the common good. Contrary to misconceptions, stoicism is not about emotional detachment or unfeelingness, but rather it aims to open hearts and promote empathy, making it particularly relevant and essential in today's world.
On today’s Daily Stoic Podcast, Ryan and author and therapist Donald Robertson talk about the history behind Stoicism, including how the historical record treats catastrophes like the Antonine Plague and the Spanish influenza pandemic, what Marcus was feeling as he suffered through multiple tragedies while writing his Meditations, and more.
Donald Robertson is a cognitive behavioral therapist and writer who is an expert on applying and practicing Stoicism in a therapeutic setting. He has written How to Think Like a Roman Emperor, one of the best and most popular biographies of Marcus Aurelius in recent years.
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