The science behind the FDA ban on food dye Red No. 3
Feb 3, 2025
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Maria Godoy, a Senior Editor at NPR's Science Desk, dives into the FDA's recent ban on the food dye Red No. 3, shedding light on its alarming links to cancer and behavioral issues in children. The conversation explores the regulatory challenges and differences compared to other countries. Godoy discusses the impact of this ban on public health, particularly in vulnerable communities, while guiding parents on healthier food choices and the potential alternatives to synthetic dyes.
The FDA's ban on Red No. 3 highlights concerns over synthetic food dyes linked to health risks, including cancer and behavioral issues in children.
Consumer advocacy for stricter regulations on food coloring emphasizes the need for natural alternatives and awareness of food labels in children's diets.
Deep dives
The Ban on Red Dye Number Three
The FDA has officially banned red dye number three, a synthetic food coloring commonly used in various products, due to its cancer-causing effects observed in lab rats. This decision comes after decades of scrutiny and criticism from consumer groups that have long pushed for the ban since a petition was filed in 2002. Red dye number three has been prevalent in thousands of items, including candies and sodas, making its removal significant for food manufacturers and consumers. The ban follows the 1958 Delaney Clause, which disallows any food additive that poses a cancer risk, underscoring the FDA's commitment to food safety.
Concerns Over Other Synthetic Dyes
In addition to red dye number three, there is growing concern surrounding other synthetic food dyes like yellow 5 and red 40, which have been linked to hyperactivity and behavioral issues in children. Studies have indicated that the consumption of these dyes may lead to heightened symptoms of inattention and irritability among some young consumers. Advocacy groups are calling for stricter regulations, including warning labels for products containing these dyes. Furthermore, research shows that low-income communities often consume more synthetic food dyes due to their prevalence in cheaper, ultra-processed foods.
Transition to Natural Alternatives
As food manufacturers work to eliminate red dye number three by the 2027 deadline, many may replace it with red 40 or other synthetic alternatives, which still raise health concerns. However, there is encouragement to shift toward natural food colorings derived from fruits and vegetables, such as beetroot and turmeric, which offer a healthier option. Past examples, such as Kraft Foods' decision to remove synthetic dyes from its mac and cheese products, highlight the potential for industry-wide change. Parents are advised to focus on providing plant-based foods for their children while being aware of food labels to avoid synthetic dyes.
Last month, the Food and Drug Administration announced it is banning Red No. 3, a food dye additive in processed foods like sodas, sweets and snacks. Recently, it and other dyes were linked to negative behavioral issues in children, and decades ago, high levels of Red No. 3 were linked to cancer in rats. This episode, NPR science podcast Short Wave explains what we know about Red No. 3's harmful health effects and the other dyes that may replace it.