Meditations by Marcus Aurelius takes an abstract approach, allowing readers to adapt the wisdom to their own lives.
Marcus Aurelius' personal experiences influenced his Stoic philosophy, shaping his views on leadership, resilience, and character development.
Marcus Aurelius' reflections on plagues in Meditations are applicable to modern health crises, highlighting the distinction between physical health and moral character.
Deep dives
Abstracted Realism in Meditations
Meditations, the philosophical work by Marcus Aurelius, often takes an abstract and vague approach, leaving space for readers to project themselves into the words and adapt them to their own modern situations. This style allows the principles and wisdom to be relatable and applicable to a wide range of individuals. Marcus Aurelius intentionally leaves out specific names and situations, which may be attributed to an intellectual exercise he learned from his rhetoric tutor, Fronto. Scholars have noted that Fronto instructed Marcus to paraphrase and rephrase philosophical ideas, which may explain the repetitiveness and abstract nature of Meditations. While this approach can make the work seem less concrete, it allows readers to internalize and apply the wisdom within their own lives.
Personal Experiences Shaping Stoic Philosophy
Marcus Aurelius' personal experiences greatly influenced his Stoic philosophy as reflected in Meditations. For instance, his time with Emperor Hadrian, who displayed negative characteristics and eventually went mad, contributed to Marcus' firm conviction of the kind of emperor he did not want to become. On the other hand, his observations of Antoninus Pius, who was known for his virtues and integrity, showed Marcus the qualities he desired in a leader. Additionally, Marcus' encounters with plagues, wars, and social unrest during his reign impacted his perspective on life and human character. These experiences provided the basis for his philosophical reflections on resilience, the unpredictability of life, and the importance of character development in the face of challenging circumstances.
The Plague as a Test of Character
Marcus Aurelius' reference to plagues in Meditations takes on new significance when viewed in light of the COVID-19 pandemic or any other widespread health crisis. Marcus argues that plagues can test individuals' character, highlighting the distinction between physical health and the integrity of one's moral character. This observation becomes more relatable and poignant as modern readers witness the impact of the pandemic on societal norms, behaviors, and individuals' responses. Just as Marcus endured the Antonine Plague, readers can draw parallels between his philosophical musings and the challenges they face during times of crisis, inspiring introspection and the development of resilient character traits.
The Succession Plans of Hadrian and Antoninus
Hadrian, the Roman emperor, handpicked Antoninus as a mentor for Marcus Aurelius, believing that Marcus would be a suitable successor to the throne. However, it is unclear why Hadrian chose Antoninus over others, especially since Antoninus was a successful and respected politician in his own right. This unusual chain of succession raised questions and could be attributed to the difficulties Hadrian faced in his succession plans. Despite the unconventional circumstances, both Marcus and Antoninus managed to navigate their roles and pass the test of managing power with integrity.
The Evolution of Stoic Virtue and Stoicism's Focus on Justice and Social Responsibility
Stoicism, often misunderstood as emotional suppression, actually places great emphasis on justice and social responsibility. Marcus Aurelius consistently highlights these themes in his book 'Meditations' and considers them integral to Stoic virtue. He stresses the importance of love, brotherhood, and respect towards fellow human beings, regardless of social status or nationality. Marcus views justice and cosmopolitanism as key components of Stoic philosophy, seeking to cultivate a sense of oneness with the universe and all individuals. This perspective challenges modern misconceptions of stoicism as an individualistic or nihilistic philosophy, emphasizing the importance of community and human connection.
Ryan talks to author Donald Robertson about his new graphic novel Verissimus: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius, the various influences that molded Marcus Aurelius into a philosopher king, how Stoicism is about unity and love, and more.
