Melvyn Bragg and guests explore the concept of friendship, discussing its importance in Greek and Roman societies. They delve into Aristotle's classification of friendship based on utility, pleasure, and goodness, highlighting the complexities of true friendship. The podcast touches on the darker aspects of friendship, including jealousy and exploitation, and examines how different forms of friendship have influenced creativity, intellectual pursuits, and power dynamics throughout history.
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Quick takeaways
Friendship was integral in ancient societies for civic democracy and personal well-being.
Aristotle categorized friendships based on utility, pleasure, or goodness, with the highest form being a bond of goodness.
Deep dives
Ancient Greek and Roman Notions of Friendship
Friendship was considered crucial in ancient Greek and Roman societies, forming a basis for civic democracy and personal well-being. Philosophers like Aristotle categorized friendships based on utility, pleasure, or goodness, with the highest form being a bond of goodness. The social structure and ethical beliefs of the time promoted the idea that humans naturally form friendships and that these relationships contribute to a virtuous life.
Evolution of Friendship in Plato's Dialogues
Plato, through dialogues such as 'Lysis,' delved into theories and practices of friendship. Discussions centered on whether friendship arises from similarities or differences, with the conclusion that true friendship is based on appreciating and enjoying the goodness of others. The dialogue reflects on the challenges of defining friendship and the notion of the good being attracted to the good.
Aristotle's Contribution to Understanding Friendship
Aristotle built upon Plato's ideas by defining friendship as mutual goodwill, leading to his classification of friendships based on utility, pleasure, or virtue. He emphasized that true friendship arises from loving the other person for their intrinsic virtues, as this form of friendship endures and reflects the highest moral values. Aristotle's teachings influenced later Roman thinkers like Cicero and Seneca.
Varied Perspectives on Friendship in History
Throughout history, from the ancients to the Enlightenment, friendship evolved as a valued social and moral concept. Philosophers like Kant struggled with integrating friendship into their moral theories, while literary figures in the 18th century celebrated friendship through their correspondence and works. The interplay between private friendships and societal values continues to shape philosophical inquiries into the nature and significance of friendship.
Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the concept of friendship. In Greek and Roman times, friendship was thought of as being an essential constituent of both a good society and a good life; a good society because it lay at the heart of participative civic democracy; a good life because it nurtured wisdom and happiness. It is this period which gives us the texts on friendship which, to this day, are arguably the most important of their kind. Amongst their authors is Aristotle, who engaged in one of the great philosophical discussions on the subject. For Aristotle, friendship could fall into three categories: it could be based on utility, pleasure or goodness. In its latter state, Aristotle described it as being 'a single soul dwelling in two bodies'. So how did the Ancients establish the parameters of the true nature of friendship in the literature and philosophy that followed? How have different forms of friendship helped or hindered creativity and intellectual pursuit? What has been the apparent relationship between friendship and power? And what of the darker aspects of friendship - jealousy, envy and exploitation? With Angie Hobbs, Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Warwick; Mark Vernon, Visiting Lecturer in Philosophy at Syracuse University and London Metropolitan University; John Mullan, Professor of English at University College London.
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