Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the power-packs within cells in all complex life on Earth. Inside each cell of every complex organism there are structures known as mitochondria. The 19th century scientists who first observed them thought they were bacteria which had somehow invaded the cells they were studying. We now understand that mitochondria take components from the food we eat and convert them into energy. Mitochondria are essential for complex life, but as the components that run our metabolisms they can also be responsible for a range of diseases – and they probably play a role in how we age. The DNA in mitochondria is only passed down the maternal line. This means it can be used to trace population movements deep into human history, even back to an ancestor we all share: mitochondrial Eve. With Mike Murphy Professor of Mitochondrial Redox Biology at the University of CambridgeFlorencia Camus NERC Independent Research Fellow at University College Londonand Nick Lane Professor of Evolutionary Biochemistry at University College LondonProducer Luke Mulhall

Historian and broadcaster Melvyn Bragg discusses the 1871 Mokrani Revolt in Algeria against French rule, leading to tensions and further waves of French migrants. The revolt marked a shift towards national identity and inspired nationalists in the 1950s, setting the stage for Algeria's fight for independence.

Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the mind/body problem in philosophy. At the start of René Descartes' Sixth Meditation he writes: "there is a great difference between mind and body, inasmuch as body is by nature always divisible, and mind is entirely indivisible. For when I consider the mind, or myself in so far as I am merely a thinking thing, I am unable to distinguish many parts within myself; I understand myself to be something quite single and complete. Although the whole mind seems to be united to the whole body, I recognize that if a foot or an arm or any other part of the body is cut off nothing has thereby been taken away from the mind".This thinking is the basis of what's known as 'Cartesian dualism', Descartes' attempt to address one of the central questions in philosophy, the mind/body problem: is the mind part of the body, or the body part of the mind? If they are distinct, then how do they interact? And which of the two is in charge?With Anthony Grayling, Reader in Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London; Julian Baggini, editor of The Philosophers' Magazine; Sue James, Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London.

Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Claude Monet's time in London, capturing the essence of the city's smoke and fog, his abstract artistic evolution, and the influence of London on his iconic Thames paintings. They explore Monet's unique approach to nature and light, the reception of London fog by critics, and his unwavering identity as an impressionist despite innovative contributions.

Melvyn Bragg and guests explore the revolutionary impact of the waltz in British society, evolving from formal structures to daring styles set to Strauss music. They discuss its influence on literature, ballet, and music, and its role in breaking social norms and forming new creative expressions.

Melvyn Bragg and guests explore the doctrine of Karma across Indian cultures, discussing rebirth, free will, ethics, and consequences of actions. They compare Indian beliefs to ancient Greece, highlight altruism in Mahayana Buddhism, and Jain practices for achieving moral purity. The conversation delves into contrasting views on death and the self in Buddhism and Hinduism, examining the moral mechanism of karma and the pursuit of liberation from rebirth.

Literature expert Melvyn Bragg discusses Fielding's 'Tom Jones', highlighting its unique blend of farce and epic elements in creating a morally complex protagonist. The podcast explores Fielding's turbulent childhood, controversial plays, character development, narrative complexity, and lasting impact on literature. It also delves into themes of authority, rebellion, and humor as an alternative to judgment, showcasing the enduring legacy of Fielding's work.

Historian Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Marsilius of Padua's radical political ideas advocating for popular sovereignty and republican democracy in the 14th century. They explore his critiques of papal power, call for accountability in governance, and influence on later political thinkers like Hobbes.

Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Laurence Sterne's novel Tristram Shandy. They explore its bawdy humor, bold literary experiments, and enduring influence. Topics include the novel's controversial nature, its impact on the evolution of literary form, and its exploration of masculinity. The podcast delves into Sterne's family background, the intersection of church, politics, and family support, and the installment release of the novel. Sterne's unconventional path to novel writing and the unique narrative structure are also highlighted.

Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Napoleon Bonaparte's Hundred Days, his return to power in France, defeat at Waterloo, and exile to Saint Helena. They explore Napoleon's strategic tactics, the political complexities of the time, the challenges faced by coalition forces, and the lasting impact of his legacy on European history.