Jean-Baptiste Fressoz, a French historian of science and technology and co-author of "Chaos in the Heavens," dives into the historical roots of climate discourse. He discusses how early European colonizers, like Columbus, shaped climate perceptions to justify their actions. Fressoz highlights deforestation debates dating back to the 16th century and how climate instability influenced political upheavals, such as the French Revolution. The conversation reveals how our modern understanding of climate is steeped in centuries of history, illustrating the complex interplay between environment and society.
The podcast explores how early European perceptions of climate were influenced by colonial ambitions, highlighting deforestation justified as improving conditions for settlers.
Historical precedents show that concerns about human-induced climate change existed from the 16th century, interconnected with economic stability and societal upheavals.
Post-Industrial Revolution, the focus shifted from climate as a societal concern to scientific inquiry, diminishing the urgency previously felt around environmental changes.
Deep dives
The Link Between Colonialism and Climate Discourse
The podcast emphasizes how the narrative around climate change has historically intertwined with themes of imperialism, beginning with Christopher Columbus. Columbus is suggested to have believed that deforestation in the Caribbean would lead to a healthier, more amenable climate for European settlers, reflecting a view that justified conquest as divinely sanctioned. This ideology expanded to suggest that European arrival improved the climate, marking a trend where climate improvement was used as a rationale for colonization. Such discourse has roots in language that framed native populations' land management as inadequate, suggesting a narrative where European stewardship was necessary for environmental enhancement.
Historical Perspectives on Climate Change
The discussion reveals that concerns about anthropogenic climate change are not a recent phenomenon; rather, they have historical precedence, particularly from the 16th century onward. During this time, debates about deforestation and its impact on the climate unfolded in early modern societies, intertwining with economic issues, public stability, and food security. The podcast points out that, much like today's concerns, these historical discourses were informed by immediate agricultural necessities and societal upheavals, including famines and revolutions, demonstrating a longstanding awareness of humanity's role in changing climates. It highlights that early ecological insights emerge alongside broader economic pressures, showcasing humanity's long-standing relationship with environmental change.
The Complacency Following the Industrial Revolution
Listeners hear about the significant shift in climate discourse in Europe post-Industrial Revolution, where the immediacy of climate concerns subsided due to improved agricultural productivity and transport systems. The introduction of railroads, for example, lessened the urgency surrounding famines as grain transport became more efficient, shifting political and public focus away from climatic concerns. This period also marked a transition toward viewing climate change as a matter of scientific inquiry rather than an immediate social concern, diminishing the events that once brought societal fears to the forefront. As the episode explores, the significance of climate variability faded, leading to more insular discussions focused on immediate meteorological phenomena rather than climatic and environmental assessments.
Exploration and Understanding of Climate Prior to Modern Science
The conversation shifts to how early explorers and intellectuals began to fit their understandings of climate within broader geological and environmental contexts. The podcast underscores that the discovery of the Americas spurred European curiosity about climate, as new regions exhibited drastically different climatic conditions compared to Europe. As exemplified by Columbus's observations, early thinkers attributed climate characteristics to land management practices, often misconstruing indigenous land stewardship. This historical lens of understanding climate evolution sets the stage for later scientific inquiries into climate variability, despite being laced with colonial agendas.
The Emergence of Climate Catastrophism
The episode discusses how the ideas of environmental degradation and climate change evolved into a discourse of climate catastrophism, particularly in France, influenced by the turmoil of the French Revolution. Intellectual figures such as Bernardin de Saint-Pierre and Pierre Poivre played crucial roles in shaping early environmentalist thought, arguing against deforestation and advocating for nature’s preservation. Such views coalesced into the belief that human impacts on the environment could lead to dire consequences, culminating in governmental discourse around climate management tied to fiscal policies. The conversation highlights the tension between the burgeoning ideals of liberal economics and the nascent understanding of environmental stewardship, framing early environmentalism within the political dynamics of their time.
Jean-Baptiste Fressoz, a French historian of science & technology, shares how European societies grappled with climate change centuries before modern science proved the scale and breadth of its impact, revealing a forgotten saga where colonial ambitions and volcanic winters shaped our earliest understanding of Earth's shifting climate.
Grounding our discussion is his Fressoz’s 2024 book Chaos in the Heavens: The Forgotten History of Climate Change, co-authored with Fabien Locher.
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