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Bolshevik Expectations
- The Bolsheviks believed their October Revolution was just the start.
- They expected a larger socialist revolution in the West, especially Germany.
Fracturing of the SPD
- The German Social Democratic Party (SPD), the largest socialist party in Europe, fractured over WWI.
- An anti-war faction, the Spartacus group, emerged, upholding international proletarian solidarity.
Rosa Luxemburg's Ideology
- Rosa Luxemburg, a prominent Marxist revolutionary, opposed WWI and advocated for mass struggle.
- Luxemburg's theories combined inevitable capitalist collapse with the necessity of revolution.