The Evolution of Cyber Warfare in Ukraine

The conflict in Ukraine marked a significant moment in the evolution of cyber warfare, as it represented one of the first instances of a prolonged cyber war between technologically advanced states. In the early stages of the invasion, there were major attacks aimed at disrupting Ukrainian military communications and infrastructure, but after these initial strikes, cyber operations experienced a notable pause. This halt in activity was unexpected and unexplained in most analyses, highlighting a disconnect between the planned operation and the subsequent outcomes. The strategic failure of the invasion plan led to confusion and uncertainty within the Russian cyber units, resulting in a lack of direction and purpose in their operations during this period.