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Interest rates play a crucial role in valuing and directing capital, labor, and resources in the economy over time. The ability to accumulate capital in the form of money allows for economic activity beyond immediate consumption, expanding cooperation, investment, and consumption. The historically low interest rates of the past two decades have led to various consequences such as asset price bubbles, reduced productivity and growth, income inequality, discouragement of savings, disrupted supply chains, and increased risk-taking.
Interest rates have been present in recorded human history for millennia, with origins possibly linked to agricultural loans and productivity. The concept of interest has evolved over time and serves as a reward for both the use of capital over a period and the abstinence from immediate consumption. Various civilizations have had different traditions and rates of interest, reflecting their economic structures and values.
Interest rates can be determined by a combination of factors such as the productivity of capital, individual time preferences, and historical precedents across different societies. Theories surrounding interest rates vary, including the productivity theory of interest and the time preference theory. While central banks now have significant influence over interest rates, their historical development from the gold standard era to modern monetary policies reflects a complex evolution.
Central bank interventions in setting interest rates have increased over time, leading to questions about market uncertainty and unintended consequences. The manipulation of interest rates by policymakers can have significant effects on financial markets and real economies, raising concerns about long-term impacts and regulatory effectiveness. Discussions around the origins of interest rate targeting and the broader implications of central bank actions highlight the complexities of modern monetary policies.
In Episode 266 of Hidden Forces, Demetri Kofinas speaks with financial historian, journalist, and author Edward Chancellor. For the last twenty years, Chancellor has been arguably known best for his book, “Devil Take the Hindmost,” which is a fantastic history of the last 400 years of financial speculation. Yet, that streak may be soon coming to an end with the publication tomorrow of his latest book, “The Price of Time,” an absolutely brilliant philosophical exploration of interest and its essential role in valuing and directing the allocation of capital, labor, and resources in the economy over time.
Interest rates have sometimes been described on this podcast and elsewhere as the “price of money.” While this definition is useful, it fails to capture the temporal dimension of interest rates and the role that they play in expanding the continuum of economic activity, cooperation, investment, and consumption beyond the immediate grasp of the present moment. The ability to accumulate capital in the form of money enables us to operate outside of entropy’s constraints—we aren’t limited in other words by the decomposition or decay of a sack of barley, a barrel of oil, or a concrete building. But in order to value that capital through both space and time, we need something more. And that something is interest: the price you pay to borrow money or the cost you charge to lend it over time.
Over the last two decades the price of time has plummeted to levels never before seen in human history and with it have arrived a multiplicity of asset price bubbles, a reduction in productivity growth, rising wealth and income inequality, a discouragement of savings, a growth in supply chains, and an excessive amount of risk-taking encouraged by the acrobatics of yield-starved investors in search of decent return.
In this excellent and timely conversation, you are going to learn about the history of interest and its historical role in promoting human cooperation, economic activity, and advancement. You are also going to learn about how interest is priced, where it comes from, and the difference between the so-called “natural rate” of interest and what central banks have claimed as their policy lever to control the scale, scope, and distribution of capital in society.
In the second hour of our conversation which is available to premium subscribers only, Edward Chancellor and Demetri Kofinas apply the framework that they develop in the first part of the episode to help you understand where we find ourselves today, whether or not central banks and governments can indeed use their policy tools to fix the very problems that those tools have to help create, what some of those solutions and the path forward could look like, and what all of this means for you and your portfolio.
You can access the full episode, transcript, and intelligence report to this week’s conversation by going directly to the episode page at HiddenForces.io and clicking on "premium extras." All subscribers gain access to our premium feed, which can be easily added to your favorite podcast application.
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Producer & Host: Demetri Kofinas
Editor & Engineer: Stylianos Nicolaou
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Episode Recorded on 08/09/2022
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