281 | Samir Okasha on the Philosophy of Agency and Evolution
Jul 1, 2024
01:11:46
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Samir Okasha, a leading expert in modern philosophy, discusses the philosophy of agency and evolution. The conversation dives into defining life and agency, exploring the origins of morality and altruistic behavior. Topics include debates in evolutionary biology, emergence in philosophy and biology, and the evolution of mental representations and agency.
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Quick takeaways
Foundation questions in biology require philosophy to define life, agency, and morality.
Debates in evolutionary biology analyze levels of selection and their impact on altruistic behaviors.
Discussion on emergence in biology explores how higher-level properties and agency manifest in organisms.
Deep dives
Theoretical Foundations in Philosophy of Biology
Philosophy of biology delves into the foundations of the subject and its relationship with philosophy of science. Initially emerging in the 1970s, it sought to bridge methodological questions from physics-focused philosophy of science to the life sciences. Evolution, particularly natural selection, became a focal point, challenging traditional ideas and exploring concepts such as species, agents, and purpose.
Levels of Selection in Evolutionary Biology
Debates in evolutionary biology revolve around the levels of selection, such as gene, organism, or group selection. These discussions analyze how evolution occurs at different biological hierarchies and whether group-level selection can influence altruistic behaviors within species. The dialogue often contrasts empirical evidence with theoretical conventions, highlighting the complexities of evolutionary processes and their impact on diverse biological phenomena.
Emergence and Teleology in Biology
Addressing emergence in biology, the podcast delves into how higher-level properties emerge from lower-level constituents, illustrating complex biological systems and interactions. The discourse extends to teleology, exploring whether goal-directed behaviors observed in organisms are attributed to natural selection or inherent properties of living entities. The tension between Darwinian principles and emergent properties underscores ongoing philosophical inquiries in biological sciences.
Different Notions of Agency in Philosophy and Evolutionary Biology
Understanding the concept of agency involves distinguishing between intentional agency and minimal agency. Intentional agency requires conscious goal-setting, while minimal agency entails simply being able to act. The discussion delves into the levels of agency seen in various entities, from humans with mental representations of goals to simpler organisms exhibiting teleonomic behavior.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Free Will and Moral Responsibility
Exploring free will and moral responsibility from an evolutionary lens challenges traditional beliefs in moral realism. Evolutionary insights suggest that moral objectivity may not align with natural selection, implying subjective ethics. The podcast delves into the philosophical implications of evolution for concepts like free will, determinism, and the nature of moral values.
Just like with physics, in biology it is perfectly possible to do most respectable work without thinking much about philosophy, but there are unmistakably foundational questions where philosophy becomes crucial. When do we say that a collection of matter (or bits) is alive? When does it become an agent, capable of making decisions? What are the origins of morality and altruistic behavior? We talk with one of the world's leading experts, Samir Okasha, about the biggest issues in modern philosophy of biology.
Samir Okasha received his D.Phil. in Philosophy from the University of Oxford. He is currently Professor of the Philosophy of Science at the University of Bristol. He is a winner of the Lakatos Award for his book Evolution and the Levels of Selection, and is a Fellow of the British Academy.