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Phrenology As Justification For Empire
- Phrenology supplied a scientific veneer for colonial ideology and duty.
- Robert Evans links Rudyard Kipling's "white man's burden" thinking to phrenologic logic.
Medicine Framed As A Tool Of Empire
- Colonial medicine framed Western science as a civilizing gift to justify occupation.
- Robert Evans cites Ronald Ross and the claim that imperialism would rely on microscopes and medical advances.
Phrenology Invented Race‑Ranking Language
- Phrenology created a new language to rank human groups by 'grades' and skull shapes.
- Sir Francis Galton's phrasing normalized rating races as inherently superior or inferior.