Jan Hatzius, chief economist at Goldman Sachs, and Dominic Wilson, senior advisor in global markets research, share insights on the economic outlook for 2025. They explore the potential impact of Trump's policies on growth and inflation, highlighting a 15% chance of recession. The duo discusses the balance of risks for markets, including high equity valuations and trade policies. They also touch upon how monetary policies may evolve, with possible interest rate cuts, and strategies for investors in navigating the fluctuating landscape.
The U.S. economic growth outlook for 2025 is robust at 2.5%, supported by rising real disposable personal income and improved financial conditions.
Despite potential tariff increases and trade uncertainties, the sentiment remains optimistic for U.S. markets while Europe and China face significant economic challenges.
Deep dives
U.S. Economic Growth Forecast
The outlook for U.S. economic growth remains robust, with expectations for 2025 set at 2.5%, slightly down from 2.8% in 2024. The growth trajectory is supported by a significant increase in real disposable personal income, driven by a faster decline in price inflation compared to wage inflation, leading to a rise in real hourly wages. Financial conditions have improved, shifting from a headwind to a tailwind for growth, contributing an estimated half percentage point boost to the economy. Despite potential policy shifts under the new Trump administration, which include tariff increases and immigration slowdowns, the overall sentiment on growth remains optimistic.
Inflation Dynamics and Tariff Impact
Inflation is projected to continue its downward trend, with core inflation expected to reach approximately 2% by the end of 2025, despite some upward pressure from tariffs. Current forecasts estimate that tariffs will contribute about four-tenths of a percentage point to inflation under the assumption of limited tariff increases primarily affecting China and auto imports. The fundamental causes of falling inflation include labor market rebalancing and slowed wage growth. However, if broader tariffs were implemented, core inflation could rise to about 3%, impacting both growth and monetary policy.
Market Expectations and Risks
With a generally positive economic backdrop, U.S. equity markets and other risk assets have already experienced substantial gains, leading to discussions on whether this growth is fully priced in. The forecast aligns U.S. economic strength with falling inflation and ongoing rate cuts while expressing concerns about stretched valuations in the market. Investors may need to navigate potential downside risks, particularly related to trade policy uncertainty and the possibility of inflation reaccelerating. The conversation emphasizes the importance of maintaining a cautious but optimistic stance regarding U.S. assets while being mindful of market adjustments.
Global Economic Dynamics
The economic outlook for Europe and China is less favorable, with anticipated slow growth driven by trade policy uncertainties and other ongoing headwinds. Europe faces below-consensus growth forecasts, and while it's not expected to enter a recession, it reflects sensitivity to U.S. trade policy changes. For China, despite a modest downgrade in growth expectations due to tariff impacts, there is a belief that policy easing will help mitigate some of the negative effects. Overall, while the U.S. economy appears relatively strong, both Europe and China are grappling with significant challenges that could impact their economic resilience.
As the global economy comes off of another year of relatively strong growth in 2024, new and important variables are now in the mix with the election of Donald Trump and the Republican sweep of Congress. So can this solid performance continue amid the policy shifts ahead, and what might be the implications for markets? In this episode, Jan Hatzius, Goldman Sachs’ chief economist and head of Goldman Sachs Research, and Dominic Wilson, senior advisor in global markets research, discuss the economic and market outlook for the year ahead.