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Dutch Spice Trade Monopoly
- The Dutch East India Company dominated the spice trade in the 17th century, more than any rival European company.
- They held a virtual monopoly on nutmeg, cloves, cinnamon, and secured exclusive trade rights with Japan.
Portuguese 16th Century Spice Monopoly
- The Portuguese initially controlled the European spice trade via sea routes around Africa.
- They monopolized key spice centers and trade routes, dominating for the entire 16th century.
Formation of the VOC Corporation
- Different Dutch cities initially competed in Asia trade before merging into the VOC in 1602.
- The VOC combined merchant capital with state privileges, creating the first stock capital and a powerful trade monopoly.