Melvyn Bragg and guests explore Ordinary Language Philosophy, a movement rooted in Wittgenstein's ideas. They discuss linguistic analysis to solve philosophical issues, the influence on 20th-century British thinkers like Gilbert Ryle, and the shift towards everyday language scrutiny. The podcast delves into the transition from logical positivism, moral implications of language nuances, and contrasting philosophical perspectives at Oxford.
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Quick takeaways
Ordinary Language Philosophy focuses on analyzing language for resolving philosophical problems caused by word ambiguities.
Gottlob Frago's linguistic turn emphasized understanding words within sentence contexts to lay the foundation for language-centered philosophical inquiries.
Deep dives
Overview of Ordinary Language Philosophy
Ordinary language philosophy emerged in Britain post-World War II, focusing on language analysis rather than metaphysical pursuits. Prominent thinkers like J. Lawson and Gilbert Ryle emphasized the importance of analyzing language to resolve philosophical problems caused by word ambiguities. This approach rejected formal languages, relying instead on everyday language use to clarify concepts. The philosophy challenged traditional metaphysical views by emphasizing practical language application within the context of everyday life.
Frago's Linguistic Turn
Gottlob Frago's work marked a shift towards the linguistic turn in philosophy, questioning the meaning of numbers by focusing on sentence structures rather than direct definitions. He introduced the context principle, emphasizing understanding words within sentence contexts. Frago's emphasis on analyzing number words within sentences laid the foundation for later language-centered philosophical inquiries.
Influence of Logical Positivists
Logical positivists in Vienna endorsed a scientific, empiricist approach to philosophy, emphasizing meaningful statements based on verifiability principles. They classified statements as meaningful if they were logically constructed and verifiable through observation. Their focus on constraining meaningful language aligns with Frago's context principle, but the positivists' strict criteria faced criticism from ordinary language philosophers.
Legacy and Criticism of Ordinary Language Philosophy
By the 1970s, ordinary language philosophy faced criticism and declined in popularity due to challenges from American philosophers like Quine and a shift towards overarching general theories in philosophy. Critics questioned the internal relation between meaning and use proposed by ordinary language philosophers, leading to a decline in its influence within the philosophical community. However, recent reevaluations suggest a resurgence of interest in the nuanced language-based approaches of ordinary language philosophy.
Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Ordinary Language Philosophy, a school of thought which emerged in Oxford in the years following World War II. With its roots in the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Ordinary Language Philosophy is concerned with the meanings of words as used in everyday speech. Its adherents believed that many philosophical problems were created by the misuse of words, and that if such 'ordinary language' were correctly analysed, such problems would disappear. Philosophers associated with the school include some of the most distinguished British thinkers of the twentieth century, such as Gilbert Ryle and JL Austin.
With:
Stephen Mulhall
Professor of Philosophy at New College, Oxford
Ray Monk
Professor of Philosophy at the University of Southampton
Julia Tanney
Reader in Philosophy of Mind at the University of Kent
Producer: Thomas Morris.
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