The Battle for Truth: Gregg Hurwitz on Myth, Power & Cultural Control – SF540

Published in 1934, 'The Postman Always Rings Twice' tells the story of Frank Chambers, a drifter who stops at a rural California diner and begins an affair with Cora, the wife of the diner's owner, Nick Papadakis. The novel follows their complex and violent relationship as they plot to murder Nick, leading to a series of tragic events. The book is known for its explicit portrayal of adultery, homicide, and the moral ambiguity of its characters, which caused it to be banned in Boston and sparked significant controversy upon its release. It is regarded as one of the most important crime novels of the 20th century and has been adapted into several films and other media.

The Gulag Archipelago is a three-volume series written by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, exploring the Soviet labour camp system through a mix of historical narrative, personal accounts, and literary investigation. The book traces the history of the Gulag from Vladimir Lenin's decrees to the era of Nikita Khrushchev, detailing the arrest, conviction, transport, and imprisonment of prisoners. It includes Solzhenitsyn's own experiences as a Gulag prisoner and accounts from other inmates, highlighting the brutal conditions, forced labor, and the psychological and physical suffering of the prisoners. The work is a testament to the human spirit's struggle against evil and serves as a comprehensive critique of the Soviet regime's use of terror against its population.

Published in 1866, 'Crime and Punishment' is a psychological novel set in St. Petersburg, Russia. It revolves around Rodion Raskolnikov, an impoverished and intellectually gifted former student who formulates a theory that some individuals are morally justified in committing crimes for the greater good of society. Raskolnikov puts this theory to the test by murdering an old pawnbroker and her half-sister, leading to a profound exploration of his psychological and emotional struggles with guilt, paranoia, and the consequences of his actions. The novel delves into socio-economic disparities, moral dilemmas, and the psychology of criminals, making it a classic of Russian literature and existential thought.

Published in 1949, '1984' is a cautionary tale by George Orwell that explores the dangers of totalitarianism. The novel is set in a dystopian future where the world is divided into three super-states, with the protagonist Winston Smith living in Oceania, ruled by the mysterious and omnipotent leader Big Brother. Winston works at the Ministry of Truth, where he rewrites historical records to conform to the Party's ever-changing narrative. He begins an illicit love affair with Julia and starts to rebel against the Party, but they are eventually caught and subjected to brutal torture and indoctrination. The novel highlights themes of government surveillance, manipulation of language and history, and the suppression of individual freedom and independent thought.

The Bible is a comprehensive collection of texts that include historical accounts, prophetic messages, wisdom literature, gospel accounts, letters, and apocalyptic writings. The Old Testament, which includes the Torah (Pentateuch), Neviʾim (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings), narrates the history and faith of the Israelites. The New Testament focuses on the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ and the early Christian church. It includes the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, Epistles, and the Book of Revelation.

Published in 1945, 'Animal Farm' is a novella that allegorically represents the Russian Revolution and the subsequent rise of Stalinism. The story begins with Old Major, a boar, inspiring the animals of Manor Farm to rebel against their human oppressor, Mr. Jones. After the rebellion, the animals rename the farm 'Animal Farm' and establish a utopian society based on the principles of equality and solidarity, known as Animalism. However, as time passes, the pigs, led by Napoleon and Snowball, consolidate power and gradually corrupt the original ideals, leading to a dystopian regime that mirrors the oppressive human rule they initially rebelled against. The novel critiques totalitarianism and the corrupting nature of power, reflecting Orwell's experiences and views on the Soviet Union under Stalin's rule.

The Maltese Falcon, written by Dashiell Hammett, is a 1930 detective novel that follows the story of Sam Spade, a private detective in San Francisco. The plot begins when a mysterious woman, Miss Wonderly (later revealed as Brigid O'Shaughnessy), hires Spade and his partner Miles Archer to tail a man named Floyd Thursby. After Archer's murder, Spade becomes entangled in a web of deceit and violence involving a valuable 16th-century statuette known as the Maltese Falcon. Other key characters include Joel Cairo, an effeminate Levantine, and Casper Gutman, a fat and jovial but sinister figure, all of whom are searching for the falcon. The novel is known for its vivid characters, sustained tension, and influential style in the hard-boiled genre.

Published in 1925, 'The Great Gatsby' is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life during the Jazz Age. The novel is narrated by Nick Carraway, who moves to Long Island and becomes entangled in the lives of his wealthy and mysterious neighbor, Jay Gatsby, and Gatsby's obsession to win back his first love, Daisy Buchanan. The story delves into themes of honesty, the temptations of wealth, and the struggle to escape the past, ultimately reflecting on the disintegration of the American Dream.

Raymond Chandler's "The Big Sleep" is a classic hard-boiled detective novel featuring Philip Marlowe. The story is set in Los Angeles and involves a complex web of deceit, murder, and blackmail. Chandler's distinctive writing style, characterized by sharp wit, cynical observations, and vivid descriptions, creates a compelling atmosphere of suspense and intrigue. The novel explores themes of morality, corruption, and the dark side of human nature. "The Big Sleep" is a cornerstone of the hard-boiled detective genre and has been adapted numerous times for film and television.

Ulysses is a groundbreaking and complex modernist novel that chronicles the experiences of three Dubliners over a single day. The novel is loosely based on Homer's epic poem 'The Odyssey', with Leopold Bloom paralleling Odysseus, Stephen Dedalus paralleling Telemachus, and Molly Bloom paralleling Penelope. It explores themes such as antisemitism, human sexuality, British rule in Ireland, Catholicism, and Irish nationalism. The novel is known for its innovative use of language and narrative techniques, including stream-of-consciousness and multiple literary styles. It captures the essence of early 20th-century Dublin, providing a detailed snapshot of the city's social, political, and cultural landscape.

The Lord of the Rings, written by J.R. R. Tolkien, is an epic high fantasy novel set in Middle-earth. The story follows Frodo Baggins, a hobbit who inherits the One Ring from his uncle Bilbo. The Ring, forged by Sauron, holds the power to control all other Rings of Power and must be destroyed in the fires of Mount Doom to prevent Sauron's return. Frodo is joined by a fellowship of other characters, including Gandalf the Grey, Samwise Gamgee, Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli, and Boromir, as they embark on a dangerous quest across Middle-earth. The novel explores themes of good vs. evil, the corrupting influence of power, and the struggle between fate and free will.

This book is a detailed commentary on the Book of Revelation, written by Ernest Findlay Scott. Published in 1940, it provides an in-depth analysis of the biblical text, offering insights into its historical, theological, and literary context. Scott's work is considered a significant contribution to biblical scholarship, particularly in the field of New Testament studies.

Written around 1595-1596, *Richard II* is the first play in Shakespeare's second 'history tetralogy. ' The play follows the downfall of King Richard II, who is depicted as an extravagant and self-indulgent ruler. Richard's poor governance, including his wasteful spending, seizure of noble lands, and involvement in the murder of his uncle Thomas of Woodstock, leads to widespread discontent. His cousin, Henry Bolingbroke, returns from exile to reclaim his inheritance and eventually deposes Richard. The play culminates with Richard's abdication, imprisonment, and eventual murder, marking the beginning of Henry IV's reign. The story is set against the backdrop of English history in the late 14th century and explores themes of power, loyalty, and the complexities of royal rule.

The story of 'Hansel and Gretel' tells the tale of two siblings abandoned in a forest by their parents during a time of famine. The children use their ingenuity to find their way back home after being left twice. They encounter a witch who lives in a house made of gingerbread and candy, but they outsmart her and ultimately return home to find their stepmother dead and their father welcoming them back. The story is rooted in historical events such as the Great Famine of 1315-1317 in Europe and reflects the harsh realities of survival during such times.

The King James Bible, also known as the Authorized Version, was commissioned by King James I of England to resolve disputes over different translations of the Bible. It was translated by 54 scholars over seven years, using the best Hebrew, Greek, and Latin texts available. The KJV consists of 66 books: 39 in the Old Testament and 27 in the New Testament. It was first published in 1611 and has since become a cornerstone of English-speaking Christianity, known for its poetic and influential language.

The Sound and the Fury is a novel by William Faulkner that chronicles the downfall of the Compson family, former Southern aristocrats, through four different narrative perspectives. The novel is set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, and spans several decades. It is narrated by the three Compson brothers—Benjamin 'Benjy' Compson, an intellectually disabled man; Quentin Compson, a Harvard student who commits suicide; and Jason Compson, a bitter and cynical younger brother—and concludes with a third-person omniscient narrative focusing on Dilsey, the family's devoted Black servant. The novel explores themes of time, death, and the disintegration of traditional Southern values, using a stream-of-consciousness style that includes frequent chronological leaps and non-linear storytelling.

The play revolves around Antonio, a wealthy merchant of Venice, who takes a loan from the Jewish moneylender Shylock to help his friend Bassanio woo the wealthy heiress Portia. When Antonio's ships are reported lost at sea, he is unable to repay the loan, and Shylock demands his pound of flesh as per the bond. The play culminates in a trial where Portia, disguised as a lawyer, intervenes to save Antonio's life. The play explores themes of debt, mercy, and the complexities of human relationships in 16th-century Venice.

The play revolves around Prince Hamlet's journey to avenge his father's murder, which was committed by his uncle Claudius. Hamlet's father's ghost appears and reveals that he was poisoned by Claudius, who then married Hamlet's mother, Gertrude. Hamlet feigns madness while he investigates and plots his revenge. The play explores themes of betrayal, mortality, and the human condition, culminating in a tragic finale where nearly all main characters die, including Hamlet, Claudius, Gertrude, and several others.

The play, part of Shakespeare's 'first tetralogy,' depicts Richard's ruthless ambition and his use of deception, manipulation, and violence to become King Richard III. After the death of his brother, King Edward IV, Richard orchestrates the deaths of his nephews, court noblemen, and other opposition to secure the throne. His reign is marked by terror and eventually leads to his downfall when Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, challenges his claim and defeats him at the Battle of Bosworth Field. Richmond then becomes King Henry VII, ending the Wars of the Roses and starting the Tudor dynasty.

Written around 1603, 'Othello' is a tragedy that delves into the destructive nature of jealousy and the vulnerability of trust in relationships. The play follows Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army, whose marriage to Desdemona is manipulated by his ensign Iago, leading to tragic consequences. Iago exploits Othello’s insecurities about his race and marriage, sowing seeds of doubt that ultimately result in the death of Desdemona and Othello's own downfall. The play is renowned for its exploration of racial and cultural issues, as well as its nuanced portrayal of human nature and the complexities of love and trust.

The Tempest, written around 1610-1611, is one of Shakespeare's last solo works. The play revolves around Prospero, the former Duke of Milan, who was usurped by his brother Antonio and left to die at sea with his infant daughter Miranda. They survive and find refuge on a remote island, where Prospero masters magic and enslaves the native Caliban and the spirit Ariel. When a ship carrying his enemies passes by, Prospero conjures a tempest to bring them ashore. The play explores themes of magic, betrayal, revenge, and forgiveness as Prospero manipulates the shipwrecked characters to rectify past wrongs and ultimately forgives them. The story also includes the romance between Ferdinand, the King of Naples' son, and Miranda, and ends with Prospero's decision to return to Milan and reclaim his dukedom.

The Book of Genesis, the first book of the Bible, narrates the creation of the universe, the Earth, and humankind. It details the stories of Adam and Eve, Cain and Abel, Noah's Ark, and the Tower of Babel, establishing foundational narratives for Judaism and Christianity. Key themes include creation, sin, divine judgment, covenant, and the chosen people. The book's influence on Western culture and religious thought is profound and enduring. It provides a framework for understanding humanity's relationship with God and the origins of civilization. The book's complex narratives continue to inspire theological debate and literary interpretation.

Written in 1931 and published in 1932, 'Brave New World' is a dystopian novel set in a futuristic World State where humans are bred in vitro and predestined into a rigid social hierarchy. The novel explores themes of technological advancement, social conditioning, and the loss of individuality and freedom. The story revolves around characters such as Bernard Marx, an Alpha who questions the society, Mustapha Mond, the World Controller, and John, a 'Savage' from a reservation who introduces elements of emotion and individuality into the highly controlled World State. The novel critiques the optimism of technological progress and its potential to create a society that values stability and happiness over humanity and freedom.

William Faulkner's "Absalom, Absalom! " is a complex and challenging novel that delves into the history and downfall of Thomas Sutpen, a wealthy planter in Mississippi. The narrative unfolds through multiple perspectives, creating a fragmented and layered portrayal of Sutpen's ambition and its devastating consequences. Faulkner's masterful use of stream-of-consciousness and shifting timelines creates a rich and immersive reading experience. The novel explores themes of race, class, ambition, and the destructive nature of the past. It's considered one of Faulkner's most ambitious and rewarding works.

The Harry Potter series, written by J.K. Rowling, follows the journey of Harry Potter, an orphan boy who discovers he is a wizard. The series spans seven novels, each corresponding to one year of Harry's life at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Harry, along with his best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, navigates the magical world, confronts various challenges, and ultimately faces off against the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who murdered Harry's parents and seeks to dominate the wizarding world. The series explores themes of friendship, love, and the struggle between good and evil.

The Star Wars books are part of an extensive media franchise created by George Lucas. They span multiple fictional eras, featuring characters such as Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, and Princess Leia, among others. The stories often involve galactic conflicts, the struggle between the Jedi and the Sith, and the adventures of various characters in a galaxy far, far away. The books can include novels, technical journals, and other types of literature that expand on the Star Wars universe.

The novel, presented as the posthumously published memoirs of Humbert Humbert, explores themes of obsession, pedophilia, and the manipulation of reality. Humbert, a European intellectual and pedophile, becomes infatuated with Dolores Haze, whom he kidnaps and sexually abuses after marrying her mother. The narrative delves into the complex and disturbing relationship between Humbert and Lolita, highlighting issues of morality, solipsism, and the erasure of Lolita's independent identity. The book is known for its eloquent but deceptive narrator and its exploration of delusion, coercion, and cruelty.