Eugene Rogan, a historian and author of "The Damascus Events: The 1860 Massacre and the Destruction of the Old Ottoman World," delves into the catastrophic massacre of Christians in Damascus in 1860. He discusses how this tragedy destabilized the city and shattered its culturally diverse society. Rogan explores the socio-economic changes leading up to the violence and contrasts various narratives, emphasizing historical lessons critical for today’s ongoing conflicts. His insights reveal the deep-rooted tensions that continue to affect the region.
The economic rise of Christian merchants in mid-19th century Damascus disrupted traditional social balances, leading to rising resentment among Muslims.
The 1860 massacre illustrated deep communal tensions and serves as a historical lens for understanding ongoing sectarian violence in Syria.
Deep dives
Economic Shifts and Societal Tensions
In the mid-19th century, significant economic changes began to reshape Damascus, largely due to the influx of European trade following advancements in steam shipping. This development heightened competition between the newly empowered Christian merchants and the traditional Muslim artisans, disrupting a long-lasting social equilibrium. Over about 25 years, this shift in economic power created a growing resentment among the Muslim majority as they perceived a loss of status and influence within their own society. The social dynamics became increasingly strained, setting the stage for conflict leading up to the violence of 1860.
Failure of Ottoman Reforms
The Ottoman Empire's attempts at reform in the mid-1800s aimed to address the rights of minority communities, granting equal legal status to Christians and Jews. However, these reforms ultimately backfired, heightening tensions among the Sunni Muslim population, who felt betrayed by their government’s concessions. The failure of the Ottoman leadership to protect their interests, coupled with pressures from foreign powers, created an atmosphere of distrust and anger within Muslim communities. This discontent fueled the socio-political unrest that would culminate in the tragic events of 1860.
The Unprecedented Violence of 1860
The massacres in Damascus during 1860 emerged as an unprecedented instance of communal violence, surpassing earlier conflicts for their brutality and scale. Tensions spurred by both local strife and rumors of Christian plots against Muslims ignited a violent outbreak, resulting in the deaths of approximately 5,000 Christians over several days. The bloodshed was characterized by extreme acts of brutality, including murder, looting, and arson, predominantly targeting the Christian community. The violence marked not only a dark chapter in local history but also served as a precursor to future communal conflicts in the region.
Legacy and Modern Connections
The events of 1860 continue to resonate in contemporary discussions about sectarian violence and societal reconstruction in Syria, particularly following the civil war. While the atrocities of the past were devastating, they also underscore the potential for recovery and reconciliation in fractured communities. Current Syrian Christian communities sustain the memory of these events, which influences their present dynamics and the broader socio-political landscape. Understanding the historical context of communal relations is crucial for contemporary Syrians seeking peace and coexistence in a current environment fraught with conflict.
In 1860, the diverse Ottoman city of Damascus witnessed the massacre of thousands of Christians. The killings, combined with Constantinople’s hardline response, shattered the city’s tolerant society and it took 25 years for Damascus to recover its stability and prosperity. In this episode, historian Eugene Rogan speaks to Danny Bird to explain why these shocking events proved to be a watershed in the modern history of the Middle East. Please note this episode was recorded prior to the recent overthrowing of the regime of Bashar al-Assad.
(Ad) Eugene Rogan is the author of The Damascus Events: The 1860 Massacre and the Destruction of the Old Ottoman World (Allen Lane, 2024). Buy it now from Amazon: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Damascus-Events-Massacre-Destruction-Ottoman/dp/0241646901/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&dib_tag=se&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.IapvBEKCIqhQm-BbjKftljRk1TA_VBpZ7bXCg7threSN0bj6MPRltJGlS73YwU1CTss6Nc7uBxaLRCwrWnt2zcCrwloA-t6mMO1ojfST9HSOm-Ec9Hen0zY5TptmqLz0Z7G2ctxcDl6MxeUG3lWwXG_amqwTEMG0VZE9wR0ibxQobkXOhI6BklFEzoQJRGEI.SvyjmxOllS3heTUkDz-TdWlTflyf7JTwIsSmiD8DWMY&qid=1721830311&sr=1-1&tag=bbchistory045-21&ascsubtag=historyextra-social-histboty.
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