The Earth has experienced five mass extinction events in the last 500 million years, all caused by rapid planet cooling. Despite concerns about climate change, statistics show that the polar bear population has increased, total sea rise has been limited, and there are fewer violent storms. While human impact and carbon dioxide matter, they are relatively small compared to other factors affecting the climate, many of which are not fully understood. Addressing the climate issue is a complex two-part problem: a collective action problem involving major emitters like China, India, and Russia, and a multi-variable calculus problem, as highlighted by Pope Francis. However, there is reason for optimism, as progress is being made towards sustainability. Consumers are driving change by choosing more sustainable options. With the global population projected to reach 10 billion by 2073, humanity will need to live differently, more inclusively, and more sustainably while experiencing an era of aging, but this is deemed achievable.

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