AI-powered
podcast player
Listen to all your favourite podcasts with AI-powered features
Complexity Versus Complexity
Models are useful in predicting and understanding systems by simplifying complexity into observable components and causal dynamics. However, models are never completely true or a full description of real systems. Complex systems exhibit emergent behavior that cannot be fully predicted by any model. Complicated systems, on the other hand, can be fully explicated and programmed, like human-built technologies, which do not self-organize or evolve. Biological and sociological systems, on the contrary, have generator functions that cannot be fully explained, leading to an ever-expanding unknown set of variables and interactions.