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The 1973 Japanese Commuter Movement
In April 1973, Japanese commuters erupted in a transportation general strike, setting train cars on fire, attacking station employees, and causing chaos at Ueno Station. This incident was described as an example of passenger power against the constant labor struggles in transport. It marked a unique moment where commuters articulated a third version of transportation, viewing it not just as a measure of historic progress or a livelihood but also as a means of living essential for functioning in society.