The central governor theory suggests that athletes never encounter their true physical limits in competition due to a maximum tolerance for perception of effort. Perception of effort is highly trainable, influenced by both genetics and early childhood experiences. Endurance athletes always have reserved physical capacity and the goal is to shrink the gap between the exertion limit and the ultimate physical limit. This involves increasing tolerance for effort and improving efficiency. The book Mastering the Psychology of Mind Over Muscle discusses athletes' coping skills validated by new science, such as handling insecurity to prevent choking in high-pressure situations.

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