Ancient Greeks and philosophers like Aristotle believed that true virtues involve spontaneity, where brave individuals act without calculation, naturally knowing the right thing to do. Teaching virtues to individuals who do not possess them naturally presents a paradox, as the training itself may disrupt the spontaneity required for virtuous actions. This challenge is faced not only by ancient Greeks but also by medieval Christian thinkers who aimed to instill genuine love in individuals. Any culture focusing on changing dispositions will encounter this fundamental issue.

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