Language serves as a means to coordinate human activities effectively, exemplified by its use in organizing a fishing expedition. Beyond coordination, language functions in narrative contexts, where recounting experiences aims to evoke emotions such as pride, envy, or mortification among listeners. This social action aspect culminates in what is termed fatic communion, where idle chatter and gossip primarily serve to foster connection among individuals, rendering the literal meaning secondary to the social bonding it creates.
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In this episode, we look at the central role the analysis of meaning played in British linguistics in the first half of the twentieth century. We focus on the work of John Rupert Firth (1890–1960) and Bronisław Malinowski (1884–1942) and their varying versions of the ‘context of situation’.
Firth, John Rupert (1957), Papers in Linguistics, 1934–1951, London: Oxford University Press. archive.org
Firth, John Rupert (1957), ‘A synopsis of linguistics theory, 1930–1955’, in Studies in Linguistic Analysis, ed. John Rupert Firth, 1–32, Oxford: Blackwell.
Firth, John Rupert (1964 [1930 & 1937]), The Tongues of Men (1937) and Speech (1930), Oxford: Oxford University Press. archive.org
Malinowski, Bronisław (1923), ‘The problem of meaning in primitive languages’, in Ogden & Richards (1923), 296–336.
Malinowski, Bronisław (1935), Coral Gardens and their Magic, 2 vols., London: Allen & Unwin.
Ogden, Charles Kay and Ivor Armstrong Richards (1923), The Meaning of Meaning, London: Kegan Paul. (Reprinting of tenth edition with finger: archive.org)
Orwell, George (1949), Nineteen Eighty-Four, London: Secker & Warburg.
Palmer, Frank R., ed. (1968), Selected Papers of J. R. Firth, 1952–59, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Secondary Sources
Honeybone, Patrick (2005), ‘J.R. Firth’, in Key Thinkers in Linguistics and the Philosophy of Language, ed. by S. Chapman and P. Routledge, 80–86, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Author’s copy
Joseph, John E., Nigel Love & Talbot J. Taylor (2001), Landmarks in Linguistic Thought II: The Western tradition in the twentieth century, London: Routledge. See chap. 5, ‘Firth on language and context’.
McElvenny, James (2018), Language and Meaning in the Age of Modernism: C. K. Ogden and his contemporaries, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Rebori, Victoria (2002), ‘The legacy of J.R. Firth: A report on recent research’, Historiographia Linguistica 29:1/2, 165–190. (See also the follow-up discussion between Rebori and Leendert Plug in Historiographia Linguistica 31:2/3, 469–477 [2004].)
Senft, Gunter, Jan-Ola Östman & Jef Verschueren (2009), Culture and Language Use, Amsterdam: Benjamins. See the chapters ‘Firthian linguistics’ (pp. 140–145) by Jan-Ola Östman & Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen and ‘Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski’ (pp. 210–225) by Gunter Senft.
Young, Michael W. (2004), Malinowski: Odyssey of an anthropologist, 1884–1920, New Haven: Yale University Press.
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