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**4 Horsemen - criticism, contempt, defensiveness and stonewalling **
Certain negative behaviors significantly predict the failure of relationships, specifically criticism, defensiveness, contempt, and stonewalling. Criticism involves attributing problems to a partner's perceived personality flaws, such as laziness or thoughtlessness, instead of addressing the issue constructively. Contempt is even more damaging, characterized by a sense of superiority and disdain towards the partner, often articulated through mocking or sarcastic remarks, which can deeply undermine the relationship. Defensiveness arises when individuals protect themselves from perceived attacks, hindering constructive communication. Lastly, stonewalling refers to emotional withdrawal, where one partner disengages, leaving unresolved issues to fester. These four behaviors collectively create a toxic environment that threatens relationship stability.