Engineering terms like competency and pursuit of goals are empirically useful in understanding complex systems. Competency can be quantified and objective, helping to control, predict, and build such systems. In contrast to our traditional approach of combining dumb parts to create intelligent machines, biology operates on hierarchies where every level has an agenda. Cooperation and competition occur within and across levels, such as during embryogenesis. Each level bends the option space for the level beneath it, allowing for efficient and effective outcomes.

Get the Snipd
podcast app

Unlock the knowledge in podcasts with the podcast player of the future.
App store bannerPlay store banner

AI-powered
podcast player

Listen to all your favourite podcasts with AI-powered features

Discover
highlights

Listen to the best highlights from the podcasts you love and dive into the full episode

Save any
moment

Hear something you like? Tap your headphones to save it with AI-generated key takeaways

Share
& Export

Send highlights to Twitter, WhatsApp or export them to Notion, Readwise & more

AI-powered
podcast player

Listen to all your favourite podcasts with AI-powered features

Discover
highlights

Listen to the best highlights from the podcasts you love and dive into the full episode