The prevailing idea that the pyramids were built by slave labor is based on indirect evidence, like inscriptions on the Palermo Stone detailing captives taken during Seneferu's reign.
Wood, essential for construction, including ornate paneling and royal boats, came from outside Egypt, suggesting expeditions and captive taking in places like Syria and Lebanon.
The goddess Seshat's temple depicts the capture of vast numbers of people and cattle, but these religious monuments might exaggerate the kings' achievements.
These records aren't straightforward fiscal records, but rather symbolic representations of royal power.
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Is slavery hardwired into society? Is hierarchy inevitable? Who built the pyramids? Listen as William and Anita are joined by David Wengrow to discuss slavery in the world’s most ancient civilizations.