Having a positive CAC score greater than zero shows associations between LDL -C and cardiovascular disease, as this score indicates the beginning of plaque formation involving LDL particles triggering inflammation and leading to plaque build-up. In the absence of a positive CAC score, LDL -C is not associated with cardiovascular disease, as the process of plaque formation has not initiated. Various modifications to cholesterol in metabolic dysfunction can further exacerbate the plaque formation process.

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