The Poor Prole’s Almanac

This episode picks up where the previous episode left off, exploring Erna Bennett's work with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and her increasing criticisms of the Green Revolution's impact on global agriculture. The episode portrays Bennett as a dedicated scientist who challenged powerful interests within the FAO and the broader agricultural establishment to advocate for a more nuanced and ecologically sound approach to food production. Bennett's Critique of Seed Banks: "More Artifacts Than Resources" Building on her earlier work in genecology, Bennett argued that simply storing seeds in banks was insufficient for protecting plant genetic diversity. She believed that removing seeds from their natural environments and storing them in controlled conditions halted the evolutionary processes that allowed plants to adapt to changing environments and pressures. This critique challenged the prevailing view that seed banks were the primary solution to genetic erosion. Bennett stressed that preserving the dynamic relationship between plants and their environments was essential for maintaining their evolutionary potential. She likened seed banks to museums, preserving artifacts rather than living, evolving organisms. This perspective, although initially controversial, has gained traction in contemporary discussions about the limitations of seed banks and the need for complementary conservation strategies. Challenging the "Plug and Play" Approach to Plant Breeding Bennett criticized the dominant approach to plant breeding during the Green Revolution, which focused on isolating and manipulating individual genes to achieve specific traits, such as high yields or disease resistance. She argued that this reductionist perspective overlooked the complex interactions between multiple genes and the environment. She likened this approach to the simplistic Punnett squares used to illustrate basic Mendelian inheritance, highlighting the inadequacy of such models for understanding the intricate web of genetic interactions in real-world ecosystems. Instead, Bennett advocated for a more holistic understanding of plant genetics, emphasizing the need to conserve entire genotypes – the complete set of genes within an organism – to preserve the full range of adaptive potential. The Importance of Local Knowledge: Echoes of Efraím Hernández Xolokotzi Just like Efraím Hernández Xolokotzi, whose story was explored in previous episodes, Bennett recognized the vital role of local knowledge in understanding and preserving plant diversity. She argued that seed collections should be accompanied by meticulous documentation of local agricultural practices, cultural traditions, and environmental variations. This emphasis on integrating scientific knowledge with the wisdom of farming communities directly challenged the top-down, technocratic approach often associated with the Green Revolution. Clashing with Otto Frankel: A Debate on the Practicality of In Situ Conservation The episode highlights a key intellectual debate between Bennett and Otto Frankel, a prominent geneticist and advocate for the Green Revolution. Frankel argued that preserving landraces – locally adapted varieties – in their original environments was impractical in a world where those environments were rapidly changing. He questioned the purpose of in situ conservation when agricultural landscapes were undergoing significant transformations. Bennett countered that while Frankel's concerns were valid, the solution lay not in abandoning in situ conservation but in adapting it to dynamic conditions. This disagreement underscores the tension between preserving traditional agricultural practices and adapting to the pressures of modernization. The Green Revolution's Blind Spot: Communities Feeding Themselves as a Threat The episode delves into the ideological underpinnings of the Green Revolution, arguing that it was based on a belief that Western science was necessary to "save" the world from hunger and that communities feeding themselves were somehow a negative outcome. Frankel's skepticism towards Bennett's focus on local food production is framed as evidence of this worldview. The hosts suggest that Frankel, and by extension the Green Revolution's proponents, saw the goal of agriculture not as empowering communities to provide for themselves, but as integrating them into a globalized system of food production and consumption. This interpretation aligns with critiques of the Green Revolution that highlight its role in promoting industrial agriculture and corporate control over food systems. Corporatization of Seed Banks: The "Personal Resource Bank" Problem The episode explores how seed banks, initially intended as a public good, became increasingly vulnerable to corporate interests. Bennett observed that certain companies viewed these publicly funded collections as their own private resource banks, seeking to acquire and control valuable genetic material for commercial purposes. The hosts draw a parallel between this phenomenon and the strategies employed by companies like Kellogg's, which dominate supermarket shelves by acquiring and controlling multiple brands. This comparison highlights how corporate consolidation can undermine public institutions and erode access to essential resources, including genetic diversity. Silencing Dissent: Bennett's Struggle Against Corporate Influence within the FAO Bennett's outspoken criticisms of corporate influence within the FAO led to increasing marginalization and silencing. Her superiors pressured her to downplay her concerns, and she was eventually isolated from research activities and prohibited from attending meetings without explicit permission. This treatment reveals the power dynamics within international organizations and how dissenting voices can be marginalized, particularly when they challenge the interests of powerful corporations. Bennett's Departure from the FAO: A Blaze of Glory and Lasting Impact The episode culminates in Bennett's dramatic exit from the FAO in 1981, after 20 years of service. She refused to retract a scathing critique of the FAO's complicity in promoting corporate interests, which was accidentally released to the public. Her resignation on May Day, followed by her participation in a May Day march in Rome, is presented as a symbolic act of defiance against capitalist exploitation and a commitment to worker solidarity. Despite facing significant opposition, Bennett's work had a lasting impact on the field of plant genetic resources. Her early warnings about the dangers of genetic erosion helped to raise awareness of the issue and contributed to the development of international agreements aimed at conserving plant diversity. The episode concludes by emphasizing the importance of recovering and amplifying Bennett's story, which has been largely obscured, perhaps intentionally, from mainstream narratives about the Green Revolution. T It's worth noting that this episode, while based on historical research, is presented through the lens of the hosts' specific political perspectives. They openly identify themselves as "proles" and frequently critique capitalism and corporate influence. Therefore, it is important to consider their potential biases when interpreting their analysis of Bennett's story and the broader context of the Green Revolution. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" introduces Erna Bennett, a lesser-known figure whose life intersected with major historical events and intellectual currents. The episode highlights Bennett's unconventional path, starting with her adventurous (and occasionally fabricated) military career, and moving towards her significant contributions to the field of genecology, a discipline that explores the relationship between genetic variation and environmental factors. Throughout the episode, the hosts emphasize Bennett's sharp wit, rebellious spirit, and unwavering commitment to her principles, even when those principles put her at odds with powerful institutions. **The episode begins with a humorous acknowledgement of Bennett's obscurity, noting that finding meaningful information about her life requires digging through a "treasure trove" of obituaries, scholarly articles, and a four-hour audio interview held by the National Library of Australia. ** A Rebellious Youth: Early Signs of Bennett's Independent Spirit The hosts trace Bennett's rebellious streak back to her childhood in Belfast, where she described the city as "rather awful." Her father, a socialist and policeman, encouraged her to challenge conventional thinking, a value that would shape her trajectory. **Her willingness to question authority is illustrated by an anecdote involving a priest who visited her home for her baptism. Rather than passively accepting religious doctrine, the teenage Bennett engaged in a spirited debate about creationism, ultimately driving the priest away. ** Wartime Adventures: Deception, Defiance, and a Growing Political Consciousness Bennett's adventurous spirit took center stage during World War II. She lied about her age to enlist in the British army, and later, when relegated to kitchen duties, she boldly claimed to be a skilled pilot, despite having only a "theoretical" understanding of flying. Her first flight was a chaotic test of the plane's limits, leaving her instructor speechless and terrified, while she discreetly vomited in a corner. This episode in her life highlights both her audacity and her capacity for learning on the fly (pun very much intended by the podcast hosts). **Her wartime experiences in Greece proved to be a political awakening. ** Assigned to British intelligence, Bennett's task was to identify Greek activists who were sympathetic to British interests. However, this work exposed her to the brutal realities of power politics and the manipulation of resistance movements. Witnessing the British government's collaboration with the Nazis to undermine leftist factions within Greece, she became disillusioned with the Allied cause. Defection and the Embrace of a New Cause Driven by her evolving political convictions, Bennett made the radical decision to defect from the British army and join the Greek partisans. She acknowledged the risks and moral complexities of her actions, recognizing that her work with British intelligence had been harmful. She expresses gratitude towards the Greek partisans for accepting her despite her past. This period solidified her commitment to socialism and exposed her to the richness and resilience of traditional agriculture, which she saw being threatened by "progress" imposed by outside forces. Post-War Struggles and a Forging of a New Path Upon her return to England, Bennett faced consequences for her desertion, being court-martialed and ostracized by former friends. The onset of the Cold War further compounded her difficulties, as her communist affiliations made her unemployable in many fields. Despite these setbacks, she pursued her education, earning degrees in botany from London and Durham Universities. She persevered through financial hardship and isolation, eventually securing a position at the National Library of Science and Technology, where her linguistic skills proved valuable. The Scottish Plant Breeding Station: Laying the Groundwork for Genecology Bennett's career path led her to the Scottish Plant Breeding Station, where she worked with Jim Gregor, a renowned geneticist known for his studies on microevolution. It was during this time that she began to articulate her ideas around genecology, a branch of ecology that examines the interplay between genetic diversity within species and their distribution across varied environments. This work focused on understanding how plants adapt to specific ecological conditions, and how those adaptations might be lost in the context of domestication and monoculture agriculture. The Looming Threat of Genetic Erosion: Bennett Sounds the Alarm **By the 1950s, Bennett was already raising concerns about the potential negative impacts of the Green Revolution, which was rapidly expanding across the globe. ** Her focus was on the alarming loss of genetic diversity within crops, as traditional varieties were replaced by high-yielding but genetically uniform cultivars. She saw parallels between the destruction of traditional agriculture in Greece and the processes unfolding in other parts of the world, as industrial agriculture spread its reach. Her research highlighted the importance of preserving the genetic resources found in wild and locally adapted crops, which could hold the key to future resilience in the face of disease and environmental change. Joining the FAO: A Platform for Advocacy and a Watershed Moment The episode concludes with Bennett joining the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1967, a position that allowed her to advance her ideas on a global scale. Her work with the FAO centered around collecting and preserving plant genetic resources, particularly in the Mediterranean region and Central Asia. **She observed firsthand how the introduction of "improved" crops was leading to the displacement of local varieties, resulting in a homogenization of agriculture that posed significant risks for food security. ** The 1967 FAO Technical Conference marked a pivotal moment in Bennett's career and in the growing awareness of the importance of genetic diversity. It was at this conference that the term "genetic erosion" was coined, underscoring the urgent need to protect the genetic resources that underpinned global food systems. Bennett delivered a powerful keynote address, warning of the long-term consequences of neglecting genetic conservation and urging the agricultural community to adopt a more holistic and ecologically sound approach. **The episode foreshadows the conflicts and challenges that Bennett would face as she continued to advocate for her vision of a more sustainable and diverse agriculture, a vision that ran counter to the dominant logic of the Green Revolution. ** To hear her own autobiographical retelling of her story, tune in here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLvPtCF4i-UZl8qEepMmXuVgHs9gGVK-VK For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" continues the story of Efraím Hernández Xolokotzi and examines his experiences at the National Agricultural College in Chapingo (NAC). The episode highlights Xolo's criticisms of the college's curriculum and teaching methods, noting that he believed they were too rigid, lacked socioeconomic context, and did not incorporate indigenous knowledge systems. Xolo argued that agronomists should be "fundamentally biologists with agricultural studies" and discard "old concepts" of rigid categorization. He advocated for higher pay for instructors, the requirement of doctorates, and a greater emphasis on research that was relevant to the specific conditions of Mexico. However, his recommendations were largely ignored. The episode explores the NAC as a representation of the larger issues surrounding the Green Revolution in Mexico. The school became a platform for modern agricultural technology and practices due to substantial funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, successfully promoting the American approach to agriculture. The institution's emphasis on technology and industrial-scale farming was in direct opposition to the traditional, small-scale agriculture practiced by most Mexican farmers. Xolo's worries about the loss of indigenous knowledge and the possible detrimental effects of modernization resonated with a growing number of students who grew increasingly critical of the school's curriculum and focus. Despite the NAC's emphasis on discipline and conformity, there was a strong undercurrent of revolutionary spirit within the student body. This was influenced by the school's history, particularly a traumatic incident during the Mexican Revolution where students witnessed an execution on campus. Students voiced their concerns about the disconnect between their education and the realities of Mexican agriculture, criticizing the quality of instruction, the lack of practical knowledge, and the school's focus on training "agronomic factory workers" rather than researchers and innovators. Student activism was expressed through protests, boycotts, and critical articles in the student newspaper. By 1960, the negative impacts of the Green Revolution were becoming more evident, and Xolo's criticisms grew more pointed. He openly condemned the destruction of Mexican identity and the environmental harm caused by the drive for modernization. He claimed that the Green Revolution was producing "poor imitations of agriculture in other countries" and failing to address the socioeconomic realities of Mexican farmers. Xolo continued to advocate for the integration of traditional knowledge into agricultural education, emphasizing the importance of learning from campesino farmers. He recognized the elders and adults within indigenous communities as essential sources of knowledge, highlighting their "empirical method" that had been tested over generations. The episode emphasizes the fundamental conflict between Xolo's approach and the prevailing paradigm of the Green Revolution. Xolo's emphasis on biodiversity, ecological balance, and the preservation of traditional knowledge was in stark contrast to the focus on maximizing yields through technological interventions. His vision for sustainable and culturally appropriate agriculture clashed with the push for uniformity and standardization that characterized the Green Revolution. The episode sets the stage for Xolo's ongoing resistance to the Green Revolution and his efforts to promote a more holistic and equitable approach to agriculture in Mexico. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" continues the story of Efraím Hernández Xolokotzi, a renowned Mexican botanist whose views clashed with the dominant agricultural paradigm of the Green Revolution. The episode focuses on Zolo's experiences at the National Agricultural College in Chapingo (NAC), which was heavily funded and influenced by the Rockefeller Foundation. It highlights the growing tension between Zolo's advocacy for traditional agricultural practices and the school's emphasis on U.S.-style modernization. Zolo's Early Critique of Agricultural Education in Mexico Zolo's critical perspective on agricultural education emerged early on, stemming from his observations of the curriculum and teaching methods at the NAC. He believed that the curriculum was too rigid, lacked socioeconomic context, and failed to incorporate indigenous knowledge systems. In a 1955 speech, Zolo argued that agronomists should be "fundamentally biologists with agricultural studies," discarding the "old concepts" of rigid categorization. He advocated for higher pay for instructors, the requirement of doctorates, and a greater emphasis on research that was relevant to the specific conditions of Mexico. Zolo's recommendations were largely ignored by the school's leadership, who continued to prioritize the U.S.-style model of agricultural education. The NAC: A Microcosm of the Green Revolution's Contradictions The episode portrays the NAC as a microcosm of the broader tensions surrounding the Green Revolution in Mexico. The Rockefeller Foundation's heavy investment in the school transformed it into a showcase for modern agricultural technology and practices, effectively turning it into a "PR wing" for the American way of growing food. The school's emphasis on technology and industrial-scale farming contrasted sharply with the traditional, small-scale agriculture practiced by most Mexican farmers. Zolo's concerns about the erasure of indigenous knowledge and the potential negative impacts of modernization were echoed by a growing number of students who became increasingly critical of the school's curriculum and direction. Student Unrest and the Persistence of a Revolutionary Spirit Despite the NAC's emphasis on discipline and conformity, a strong undercurrent of revolutionary spirit persisted within the student body. This was influenced by the school's history, particularly a traumatic incident during the Mexican Revolution where students witnessed an execution on campus. Students became increasingly vocal in their criticisms, expressing concerns about the disconnect between their education and the realities of Mexican agriculture. They complained about the quality of instruction, the lack of practical knowledge, and the school's focus on training "agronomic factory workers" rather than researchers and innovators. Student activism manifested in various forms, including protests, boycotts, and critical articles in the student newspaper. Zolo's Increasingly Outspoken Critique of the Green Revolution By 1960, the negative impacts of the Green Revolution were becoming more apparent, and Zolo's critique became increasingly pointed. He publicly denounced the destruction of Mexican identity and the ecological damage caused by the push for modernization. He argued that the Green Revolution was creating "poor imitations of agriculture in other countries" and failing to address the socioeconomic realities of Mexican farmers. Zolo continued to advocate for the incorporation of traditional knowledge into agricultural education, emphasizing the importance of learning from campesino farmers. He saw the elders and adults within indigenous communities as vital repositories of knowledge, highlighting their "empirical method" that had been tested over generations. A Clash of Agricultural Philosophies The episode underscores the fundamental clash of philosophies between Zolo's approach and the dominant paradigm of the Green Revolution. Zolo's emphasis on biodiversity, ecological balance, and the preservation of traditional knowledge stood in stark contrast to the focus on maximizing yields through technological interventions. His vision for a sustainable and culturally appropriate agriculture was at odds with the push for uniformity and standardization that characterized the Green Revolution. The episode sets the stage for Zolo's continued resistance to the Green Revolution and his efforts to promote a more holistic and equitable approach to agriculture in Mexico.For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/

A Formative Trip and the Rise of Extension Schools: Setting the Stage for Zolo's Story This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" focuses on the early life and career of Efraím Hernández Xolokotzi, a Mexican botanist. It begins by establishing the historical and political context of Mexico in the 1940s and 1950s, particularly the influence of the Rockefeller Foundation and the rise of U.S.-style agricultural extension schools. The episode emphasizes Zolo's early experiences and the factors that shaped his unique perspective on agriculture, contrasting his approach with the prevailing trend of promoting American-style agricultural modernization in Mexico. Zolo's Formative Journey: From Aspiring Engineer to Advocate for Traditional Agriculture The episode recounts Zolo's childhood move to the U.S. and his initial pursuit of electrical engineering. A pivotal trip back to Mexico to visit his father during his senior year exposed him to the realities of peasant farming in Mexico, inspiring a shift in his academic focus towards agronomy. This experience highlighted the ingenuity and resilience of traditional farming practices, particularly in the face of limited rainfall and poor soil quality. The episode emphasizes the deep impact this trip had on Zolo, foreshadowing his later advocacy for campesino knowledge and sustainable agricultural practices. The Rise of Extension Schools and the Push for American-Style Modernization The episode outlines the significant role of the Rockefeller Foundation in shaping Mexican agricultural policy during this period. Drawing on the successes of the Green Revolution in the United States, the Rockefeller Foundation sought to replicate its model in Mexico, promoting the adoption of hybrid seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and mechanized farming techniques. This push for modernization was furthered through the establishment of U.S.-style agricultural extension schools, modeled after land-grant universities and Cooperative Extension programs. The episode highlights the rapid transformation of Mexican agriculture within a few years, fueled by the influence of figures like Salvador Sanchez, a prominent botanist and proponent of American agricultural practices. Sanchez's success in promoting these practices, coupled with the allure of American-style prosperity, led to the widespread adoption of the extension school model and the rapid dissemination of modern agricultural techniques throughout Mexico. Zolo's Unique Path Amidst the Tide of Modernization While working for the Rockefeller Foundation's Mexico Agricultural Program (MAP), Zolo collected thousands of corn samples, showcasing his deep interest in preserving traditional crop varieties. However, his approach differed significantly from other scientists involved in the program. Zolo prioritized understanding and documenting indigenous knowledge systems, immersing himself in the cultural context surrounding agricultural practices. This approach is exemplified in his fascination with the Milpa system, a traditional intercropping method, which he recognized as a highly efficient and sustainable form of agriculture. The episode contrasts Zolo's focus on long-term sustainability and ecological balance with the prevailing emphasis on short-term increases in crop yields. A Foreshadowing of Conflict The episode concludes by hinting at the growing tension between Zolo's views and the dominant agricultural paradigm in Mexico. His suggestion to utilize native plants and goats instead of pursuing cotton production in arid regions highlights his willingness to challenge conventional wisdom and advocate for alternative approaches. Similarly, his questioning of MAP's focus on increased production despite the lack of overall improvement in food security suggests a growing critique of the Rockefeller Foundation's agenda. The episode sets the stage for Zolo's eventual confrontation with the Green Revolution in Mexico, establishing his deep appreciation for traditional agricultural practices and his willingness to question the prevailing dogma. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/

This episode details the financial and legal collapse of American Energy Farming Systems (AEFS) as its grand plans for the Jerusalem artichoke fall apart. The episode explores the company's internal financial mismanagement, the legal fallout from its unsustainable business practices, and the key players' fates as the artichoke bubble bursts. AEFS's Financial House of Cards: A Trail of Reckless Spending and Dubious Accounting The episode reveals a pattern of financial mismanagement and questionable practices within AEFS, highlighting the company's disregard for basic accounting principles and blatant disregard for legal and ethical boundaries. Ignoring warnings: Despite repeated warnings from auditing firms about their irregular financial practices, AEFS owners, Dwyer and Hendrickson, continued to treat company funds as personal piggy banks. Mixing personal and company funds: The owners consistently blurred the lines between personal and company finances, using corporate funds for personal expenses, advances, and even credit card payments. Exploiting tax loopholes: AEFS opted to operate under Subchapter S of the Internal Revenue Code, which allowed them to be taxed as a partnership. This structure, however, backfired when their excessive withdrawals from the company triggered significant tax liabilities, particularly as the business began to fail. Fabricating profits: The company deceptively counted future sales against advances taken from company accounts, creating a false impression of financial stability while masking their reckless spending. Manipulating land deals: Dwyer and Hendrickson used company funds to purchase personal farms, which they then leased back to AEFS at inflated prices, further enriching themselves at the company's expense. Engaging in self-dealing: Dwyer, through his construction company Dwyer Inc., engaged in blatant self-dealing, buying seed at low prices and selling it back to AEFS at a significant markup. Additionally, Dwyer Inc. received substantial unsecured loans from AEFS, creating a web of financial entanglements that further drained the company's resources. The Challenge Fund Scheme: Reverend Kramer, with Dwyer's support, established the "Challenge Fund," purportedly to lend money to high-risk growers. In reality, the fund served as a mechanism to dispose of excess seed, generate dubious financial paper, and potentially raise cash for personal use, further blurring the lines between religious endeavors and financial exploitation. Legal Reckoning: Investigations, Indictments, and a Fortunate Legal Loophole As AEFS's financial woes mounted and the truth about its operations surfaced, legal troubles intensified. Multiple investigations, including those by the Minnesota Attorney General's office, the FBI, and U.S. postal inspectors, converged on AEFS, culminating in criminal indictments. Settling with the Minnesota Attorney General: AEFS agreed to pay a $40,000 fine, modify its sales practices, and offer growers the option to rescind their contracts. However, with limited cash on hand, the company could not fulfill its financial obligations, leading to further legal action. Facing a Grand Jury: Attorney Peter Kasol, driven by personal connections to individuals who lost money due to AEFS, pursued a criminal case against Dwyer, Hendrickson, and Kramer. This relentless pursuit led to grand jury indictments despite the company's belief that Kasol was a pawn of Big Agriculture. A Fortunate Legal Loophole: In a surprising turn of events, the state legislature inadvertently decriminalized the charge of diverting corporate assets while redrafting the relevant statutes. This legal technicality significantly weakened the prosecution's case, leading to a less severe punishment for the AEFS executives. The Aftermath: Bankruptcy, Evasion, and New Ventures AEFS eventually declared bankruptcy, leaving a trail of unpaid debts and disillusioned investors. The episode details the final financial accounting, revealing that Dwyer, Hendrickson, and Kramer siphoned millions from the company, further highlighting the extent of their financial malfeasance. Dwyer's Downfall: Dwyer received a non-dischargeable debt of $815,000, faced property liens, and served jail time for theft by swindle. Despite his legal troubles, he remained unrepentant, blaming external forces for AEFS's failure. Hendrickson's Continued Delusions: Hendrickson, despite receiving a non-dischargeable debt of $50,000 and serving a prison sentence, continued to promote the Jerusalem artichoke, envisioning a new age of cooperative farming amidst global famine. He later shifted his focus to the urban underclass, predicting an uprising in 1992. Kramer's Return to Evangelism: Kramer, burdened with a non-dischargeable debt of $250,000, returned to his religious endeavors, promoting conspiracy theories and blaming other evangelists for his downfall. Lasting Impressions: The Arrogance of Deception and the Allure of the Con The episode concludes by highlighting the audacity and arrogance of Dwyer, Hendrickson, and Kramer, who even after their downfall, continued to deflect blame, manipulate situations, and exploit others for personal gain. Their actions serve as a stark reminder of the dangers of unchecked ambition, the allure of get-rich-quick schemes, and the manipulative power of charismatic leadership. The story of AEFS remains a cautionary tale about the human capacity for self-deception, the fragility of trust, and the importance of critical thinking in the face of extraordinary claims, particularly when intertwined with religious fervor and the promise of financial windfalls. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/

This episode continues the saga of American Energy Farming Systems (AEFS) and its audacious attempt to build an agricultural empire on the back of the Jerusalem artichoke. Hosts Andy and Elliot further examine the company's dubious tactics, increasingly desperate attempts to create a market for their miracle crop, and the growing skepticism from experts and authorities. The Gospel of the Jerusalem Artichoke: AEFS's Sales Pitch and Cultish Tactics AEFS goes beyond simply promoting the Jerusalem artichoke; it positions the crop as a divinely ordained path to prosperity and even incorporates religious faith into its sales pitch. The episode highlights the company's deep ties to evangelical Christianity, noting that its initial sales list came from the membership of a regional radio show called "Prayer Power", hosted by Pastor Pete. AEFS's first employee is John Peterson, Pastor Pete's son, further blurring the lines between faith and business. The company integrates religious elements into its daily operations, starting workdays with prayer services and incorporating organ music into its events. AEFS even goes as far as encouraging its employees to pray for the failure of corn crops, hoping that farmers, faced with economic hardship, would turn to the Jerusalem artichoke as a salvation. AEFS uses various tactics to attract investors, including: Promising an escrow account: For every dollar spent on seed, 50 cents would be kept back, creating the illusion of financial security and responsible management. Appealing to a sense of shared purpose: The company positions buyers and growers as a "spiritual family" united in a project for God and the nation. Utilizing high-pressure sales tactics: AEFS employs the "train is leaving" pitch, creating a sense of urgency and encouraging impulsive decisions. Making extravagant claims about industrial uses and imminent demand: Salesmen carry products like spaghetti pellets and jars of alcohol, falsely suggesting they are made from Jerusalem artichokes to bolster the idea of existing demand. Exaggerating potential profits: AEFS claims that an acre of Jerusalem artichokes could yield 45 to 65 tons of tubers, a figure exceeding even the highest-producing corn crops, which yield around two tons per acre. This claim, however, ignores the reality that there is no established market or infrastructure for processing and selling such quantities of Jerusalem artichokes. To further bolster its image and foster a sense of community, AEFS celebrates growers' birthdays and anniversaries, sponsors contests for the tallest plant and best school speeches about the artichoke, solicits recipes from growers' wives, and promotes the exchange of Jerusalem artichoke recipes under the questionable label "breaking loose." These efforts are reminiscent of "love bombing," a manipulation tactic used by cults to foster a sense of belonging and loyalty. Smoke and Mirrors: Fabricating Success and Hiding the Truth AEFS uses various methods to create the illusion of legitimacy and future success: Partnering with independent news organizations: AEFS collaborates with publicist Willetta Warburg and other individuals to publish questionable articles that promote the Jerusalem artichoke's potential. Misrepresenting facilities: Potential investors are flown in to see the large Marshall corn processing plant, falsely presented as belonging to AEFS. Exploiting the digestive side effects of Jerusalem artichokes: After signing contracts, prospective growers are treated to a "smorgasbord" of fresh artichoke foods that are deliberately undercooked, causing digestive discomfort. This tactic, while ethically dubious, further reinforces the idea that the Jerusalem artichoke is a potent and significant crop. Cracks in the Facade: Early Warnings and Growing Skepticism As early as October 1981, the University of Minnesota Agricultural Extension Service issues a memorandum cautioning that AEFS is overestimating the Jerusalem artichoke's yield and potential. Experts also debunk AEFS's claims about the plant's unique nutritional properties, pointing out that all plants get their nutrition from air, sunshine, and water. Despite these warnings, many people remain captivated by the idea of the Jerusalem artichoke. Throughout 1982, AEFS continues to aggressively sell seed contracts, capitalizing on the allure of potential riches. However, criticisms and accusations about the company and its practices mount. Mark Seton, the Minnesota Commissioner of Agriculture, openly questions AEFS's yield claims and announces his intention to investigate the company for possible pyramid scheme activities. The Sioux Falls Argus Leader publishes a critical article questioning the economic viability of Jerusalem artichoke production. The Farmer, an influential agricultural paper, labels the Jerusalem artichoke a "highly speculative venture" due to the lack of existing markets. The article quotes experts who suggest that AEFS may even be growing the wrong variety of Jerusalem artichokes for Northern climates. Legal Troubles Mount: Pyramid Schemes, Monopolies, and Securities Violations The Minnesota attorney general's office initiates an investigation into AEFS's business practices, focusing on potential pyramid schemes, monopolies, and fraud. The investigation prompts AEFS to make superficial changes: Rewriting its literature and contracts Abandoning its attempt to define itself as a shared enterprise to avoid securities regulations Restricting its sales strategy to avoid being classified as a pyramid scheme However, the fundamental problem remains: AEFS cannot identify a viable market for its product. The company's entire business model rests on the fictional value of Jerusalem artichoke seed at $1.20 a pound, a price far exceeding the actual market value. Desperate Measures: AEFS's Futile Attempts to Create a Market As the legal pressure intensifies, AEFS scrambles to find a market for its product: Leasing a small alcohol plant: The plant fails to produce any significant amount of alcohol from Jerusalem artichokes. Attempting to convert a failed food processing plant: The fibrous nature of Jerusalem artichokes proves incompatible with the plant's dryers. Creating a biomass conversion offshoot company: Biomarkets of America, tasked with converting the Jerusalem artichoke into an energy source, also fails to achieve any success. These desperate attempts to create a market for Jerusalem artichokes ultimately prove futile. The company's final bid to sell seed to Archer Daniels Midlands for a mere five cents a pound, a 96% drop from its claimed value, underscores the complete collapse of the Jerusalem artichoke bubble. The Aftermath: Bankruptcy and Denial Unsurprisingly, AEFS declares bankruptcy. Dwyer, in a stunning display of denial, blames the company's failure on "government interference, bad press, employees, and hyper growth." However, former employees offer a more realistic assessment. Mark Hughes, an agronomist, criticizes the company as fundamentally flawed and suggests that AEFS officials were either knowingly deceptive or "stupendously stupid" in their claims about the Jerusalem artichoke. Pat Durner, tasked with market development, is revealed to lack the necessary expertise in chemical engineering and processing. The episode ends by highlighting the lack of foresight and expertise within AEFS. Hughes points out that no one questioned the viability of the project and that the company's practices even had negative ecological impacts, spreading plant diseases like sclerantina. The Anatomy of a Fiasco: Key Takeaways The episode paints a picture of a company built on a foundation of deception, fueled by religious fervor and the allure of quick riches. AEFS's failure highlights the dangers of: Blind faith and charismatic leadership: Hendrickson's charisma and his followers' unwavering belief in the Jerusalem artichoke allowed AEFS to thrive despite clear warning signs. Lack of due diligence and expertise: The company's lack of understanding of agricultural practices, market dynamics, and even basic business principles led to a series of disastrous decisions. Exploiting religious beliefs for financial gain: AEFS's reliance on religious messaging to attract investors raises ethical concerns about the manipulation of faith for profit. The allure of get-rich-quick schemes: The promise of outsized returns blinded investors to the inherent risks and unsustainable nature of AEFS's business model. The story of AEFS serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of unchecked ambition, the importance of critical thinking, and the devastating consequences of prioritizing profit over ethical business practices. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" continues the exploration of American Energy Farming Systems (AEFS) and its attempt to turn the Jerusalem artichoke into a miracle crop and fuel source in the 1980s. Hosts Andy and Elliot examine the flawed business model and questionable leadership that drove AEFS's meteoric rise. From Alleyways to Empires: Fred Hendrickson’s Grand Vision The episode picks up with Fred Hendrickson, the self-proclaimed "agribusiness concept developer" introduced in the previous episode, and his growing obsession with the Jerusalem artichoke. After seeing six artichoke plants thriving in an alley behind his home in Rapid City, South Dakota, Hendrickson becomes convinced of the plant’s potential. He devours articles on the subject and even cold-calls experts mentioned in the articles, solidifying his belief that the Jerusalem artichoke is "energy farming's answer to OPEC". Hendrickson's enthusiasm for the Jerusalem artichoke knows no bounds. He declares its superiority to corn as a source of alcohol fuel, despite having no experience growing the plant himself. This lack of practical experience, coupled with his previous failed ventures like the "Igloo project," a self-sustaining farming community that never got off the ground, raises red flags about Hendrickson's judgment and ability to deliver on his grandiose promises. A Partnership Forged in Hubris: Enter James Dwyer The episode introduces James Dwyer, a businessman who becomes Hendrickson's partner in AEFS. Dwyer, drawn to the promise of cheaper fuel for his energy-intensive construction business, is eager to invest in the Jerusalem artichoke venture. However, Dwyer’s own business acumen is questionable. He is already struggling to pay his contractors and has made risky bets on farmland appreciating in value, despite a nationwide farm crisis that is driving many farmers into bankruptcy. Despite these warning signs, Dwyer is immediately captivated by Hendrickson's vision. He decides to buy enough Jerusalem artichoke seed for 20 acres, a significant investment at $1,000 per acre in 1980. This impulsive decision, based more on faith in Hendrickson's prophetic pronouncements than on sound business logic, further underscores the shaky foundation upon which AEFS is built. The episode notes that both men seem to feed off each other's enthusiasm, validating their shared delusion that they have stumbled upon a revolutionary agricultural solution. Dwyer, like Hendrickson, frames their partnership in religious terms. He sees Hendrickson as a prophet sent by God to save the "Christian farm" and the nation from the clutches of "Big Oil" and the "Trilateral Commission", a group of international business leaders often cited by conspiracy theorists as a source of global economic manipulation. This intertwining of religious conviction and economic opportunism becomes a hallmark of AEFS, attracting investors who share their belief in the divine providence of the Jerusalem artichoke. The Ragtag Research Team and the Illusion of Legitimacy AEFS's claims of scientific backing are quickly exposed as hollow. The company’s "research" is led by Wayne Dorband, an assistant professor with a PhD in Fisheries Resources, who has no prior knowledge of the Jerusalem artichoke or experience in crop development. Dorband's role seems to be more about providing a veneer of scientific legitimacy than conducting rigorous research. He compiles articles on the Jerusalem artichoke, conducts rudimentary field surveys, and writes much of the company's sales literature, which later becomes the subject of a legal investigation by the Minnesota attorney general. The episode highlights the irony of Dorband, a scientist with limited expertise in the field, being responsible for AEFS's scientific claims, while Hendrickson, an attorney by trade, oversees the company's research. This mismatch of skills and experience further underscores the haphazard and ultimately deceptive nature of AEFS's operations. Riding the Wave of Delusion: AEFS's Unsustainable Business Model AEFS's initial success is fueled by its pyramid scheme-like structure. The company guarantees to buy back a portion of the Jerusalem artichoke seed produced by its first-year growers, creating a false sense of security and incentivizing farmers to invest heavily in the venture. This model allows AEFS to boast of impressive cash flow, even though much of that money is simply circulating within the system, ultimately promised back to the growers who initially invested in the seed. The episode breaks down the economics of AEFS's model, revealing how the company inflates the perceived value of the Jerusalem artichoke. Seed costs are set at 100 times higher than corn, with the promise that growers can sell their harvest back to AEFS at 1,000 times higher premiums than corn on the commodity market. This artificial inflation, coupled with the guaranteed buyback scheme, creates a bubble that is destined to burst as soon as the market for Jerusalem artichokes inevitably saturates. The Power of Belief: Evangelicalism, Charismatic Capitalism, and the Allure of Quick Riches The episode explores the role of evangelical Christianity in AEFS's success. The company taps into the religious fervor of the 1980s, framing the Jerusalem artichoke as a divine gift and AEFS as a vehicle for both spiritual and material salvation. This messaging resonates with farmers struggling during the farm crisis, who are drawn to the promise of a solution that aligns with their faith and offers a way out of their economic hardship. This intertwining of religion and commerce is further amplified by the emergence of Reverend L.O.L Kramer, a charismatic televangelist who joins AEFS as a motivational speaker. Kramer, with his flamboyant personality and penchant for wordplay, embodies the excesses of what the hosts call "charismatic capitalism". His speeches, filled with religious pronouncements and promises of financial abundance through the Jerusalem artichoke, further solidify AEFS's image as a movement driven by both divine purpose and the pursuit of wealth. The episode ends on a cliffhanger, with AEFS riding high on a wave of investor enthusiasm and religious fervor, seemingly oblivious to the inherent flaws in its business model and the looming collapse of the Jerusalem artichoke bubble. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac," titled "Episode 151 #2: The Great Jerusalem Artichoke Scandal part 1," begins a four-part series exploring the bizarre story of American Energy Farming Systems (AEFS), a company that attempted to capitalize on the Jerusalem artichoke (also known as the sunchoke) as a source of renewable energy and agricultural salvation during the energy crisis of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Hosts Andy and Elliot trace the origins of this ambitious venture, highlighting the eccentric personalities and dubious claims that fueled its rise. The First Messiah of the Jerusalem Artichoke Before introducing AEFS, the hosts recount the story of Fred Johnson, a Nebraska man who became obsessed with the Jerusalem artichoke during the Great Depression. Johnson, who the episode dubs "Fred the First," believed the plant was a panacea, a "weed worth a million dollars" capable of solving the nation's economic and agricultural woes. He touted its potential as a source of alcohol fuel and a superior sweetener derived from a sugar called levulos. Johnson even went so far as to carry Jerusalem artichoke tubers in his pockets, stopping strangers on the street to extol their virtues. Johnson's advocacy for the Jerusalem artichoke reached its peak when he became a congressman in the 1940s, using his political platform to push for its widespread adoption. While his efforts ultimately failed to ignite a nationwide Jerusalem artichoke revolution, his story foreshadows the themes of misguided enthusiasm and economic opportunism that would characterize AEFS a few decades later. A Nation on Edge: The Energy Crisis and the Rise of Fred the Second The episode then shifts to the late 1970s, a period marked by economic instability and the second energy crisis of the decade. Spiraling fuel prices, double-digit inflation, and the Three Mile Island nuclear accident created a climate of anxiety and a desperate search for alternative energy solutions. This context sets the stage for the emergence of Fred Hendrickson, a self-proclaimed "agribusiness concept developer" who believed he had found the answer to America's energy woes in the humble Jerusalem artichoke. Hendrickson, whom the episode calls "Fred the Second," shared an uncanny resemblance to his predecessor in both name and fervent belief in the Jerusalem artichoke's potential. Like Johnson, Hendrickson envisioned the plant as a source of alcohol fuel, promoting it as a path to energy independence and agricultural prosperity. However, Hendrickson's vision went beyond mere fuel production. He believed the Jerusalem artichoke could revolutionize agriculture, providing food for humans and livestock, and even serving as a substitute for sugar and starch, particularly for diabetics. More Than Just a Business: The Evangelical Zeal of AEFS What set Hendrickson and AEFS apart from previous proponents of the Jerusalem artichoke was the religious fervor with which they promoted their vision. Hendrickson, who underwent a dramatic religious conversion in the early 1970s, saw himself as a prophet chosen by God to lead America to salvation through the Jerusalem artichoke. He framed the plant as a "Biblical plant of promise", a divine gift meant to "feed and save his people". This evangelical framing resonated with farmers struggling during the farm crisis of the 1980s, who were desperate for a solution to their economic woes and receptive to the message of hope and renewal that AEFS offered. A Hemisphere Scheme: Selling Hope and Seeds While AEFS did sell actual Jerusalem artichoke seeds, its business model relied heavily on a pyramid-like structure. The company encouraged early adopters to sell seeds to subsequent generations of growers, promising them a share of the profits from this burgeoning new industry. This system, while technically not illegal, capitalized on the speculative frenzy surrounding the Jerusalem artichoke, with farmers and investors alike buying into the hype and driving up demand for seeds. From Boring to Bonkers: The Unraveling of Fred the Second The episode concludes by revealing a more personal side to Hendrickson, painting a portrait of a man driven by ambition, a messianic complex, and a seemingly inexhaustible capacity for self-delusion. Prior to his Jerusalem artichoke epiphany, Hendrickson had a history of jumping from job to job, always chasing the next big idea. He even attempted to secure a loan to purchase 27 counties in South Dakota for a self-sufficient farming system that included everything from cattle grazing to aquaculture. Hendrickson's grandiose visions, coupled with his fervent belief in his own divine mission, set the stage for a story that promises to be as entertaining as it is cautionary. The episode ends on a cliffhanger, hinting at further revelations about AEFS, its charismatic founder, and the inevitable crash of the Jerusalem artichoke bubble. This episode connects with our previous discussions on the Langstroth hive and the Merino sheep craze by illustrating how economic desperation, combined with a charismatic leader and a compelling narrative, can lead to irrational exuberance and the exploitation of both people and resources. Like the Merino sheep craze, AEFS capitalized on a moment of perceived opportunity, promising wealth and salvation through a seemingly miraculous agricultural product. However, the episode suggests that this "horticultural hysteria" would ultimately prove unsustainable, leaving behind a trail of financial ruin and ecological consequences. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" explores the historical economic bubble surrounding Merino sheep in New England between 1810 and 1845. Hosts Andy, Elliot, and Matt discuss how the opportunity to get rich quick, combined with favorable economic conditions, led to the rapid deforestation of New England for sheep pasture and ultimately ended in the financial ruin of many farmers. Setting the Stage: Pre-Merino New England Before discussing the Merino sheep craze, the hosts provide context on the ecological and economic situation in New England in the 17th and 18th centuries. They explain that colonists rapidly cleared forests for homesteads, farms, and timber for shipbuilding. Most of this timber was pine, which the hosts acknowledge is a fast-growing, strong, and lightweight wood suitable for construction. Much of this timber, especially large pines, was claimed by the British crown for use as ship masts, leading to conflicts with colonists who were clearing the land for their own use. As the country expanded westward, many farms followed, leaving behind a partially reforested landscape dotted with homesteads. The episode also introduces the Boston Brahmins, a wealthy and influential group descended from early colonists who wielded significant economic and political power in the newly formed United States. Enter the Merino: A Sheep of Exquisite Value The episode then shifts focus to William Jarvis, a member of the Boston Brahmins, and his role in introducing Merino sheep to New England. While working as a U.S. consul in Europe, Jarvis observed the high price commanded by Merino wool, which was significantly finer and softer than the wool produced by the English sheep common in the colonies. Merino sheep were originally bred in Spain, where their export was strictly controlled to protect the lucrative wool trade. The Perfect Storm: War, Embargoes, and Technological Innovation A confluence of events created ideal conditions for the Merino wool market to explode in New England. Escalating tensions between England and France, culminating in the War of 1812, disrupted the supply of wool to the United States. Embargoes on French and English goods further restricted the availability of wool, driving up demand. Simultaneously, the invention of the power loom in 1814 allowed for rapid and efficient textile production, particularly in New England, which was rich in rivers suitable for powering mills. Jarvis capitalized on this opportunity, importing thousands of Merino sheep from Spain and establishing himself as a prominent figure in the burgeoning wool industry. He not only raised sheep himself but also invested heavily in textile mills, effectively creating a vertically integrated business model. Sheep Fever: Uncontrolled Growth and Ecological Consequences The combination of high demand and the potential for immense profits led to what the hosts call “Sheep Fever” in New England. Farmers were eager to acquire Merino sheep, driving up prices and fueling speculative investment. The demand for sheep pasture led to rapid deforestation, with agricultural land below 2,000 feet increasing from 20% to 80% within 35 years. This deforestation had lasting ecological consequences, as evidenced by the prevalence of white pine, a fast-growing but less ecologically valuable species, in New England forests today. The episode emphasizes the scale of deforestation by citing Tom Russell, who describes the extensive network of stone walls built across New England as a direct result of the timber shortage caused by sheep farming. These walls, totaling over 125,000 miles, represent a massive human-made alteration of the landscape. The Bubble Bursts: Market Saturation and Financial Ruin The Merino wool craze proved unsustainable. As Spain sold off more of its Merino flocks and the Napoleonic Wars ended, the price of wool plummeted from $2 per pound to 27 cents per pound between 1809 and 1840. This price collapse led to the financial ruin of many farmers who had invested heavily in Merino sheep, leaving behind a deforested landscape struggling to recover. Lessons Learned: The Echoes of Short-sighted Exploitation The episode concludes by reflecting on the long-term consequences of the Merino sheep craze. While the economic bubble ultimately burst, the ecological damage to New England forests persists to this day. The dominance of white pine and the lack of old-growth forests demonstrate the lasting impact of short-sighted exploitation driven by the pursuit of quick profits. The hosts connect this historical episode to contemporary issues, suggesting that the pursuit of wealth often comes at the expense of environmental health and long-term sustainability. This episode connects with our previous conversation about treatment-free beekeeping by highlighting the dangers of prioritizing short-term gains over long-term sustainability. The Merino sheep craze demonstrates how market forces, combined with a lack of foresight and ecological awareness, can lead to devastating consequences for both human communities and the natural environment. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/