The Poor Prole’s Almanac

The 2009–2011 Icelandic financial crisis protests, also referred to as the Kitchenware, Kitchen Implement or Pots and Pans Revolution, occurred in the wake of the Icelandic financial crisis. There had been regular and growing protests since October 2008 against the Icelandic government's handling of the financial crisis. The protests intensified on 20 January 2009 with thousands of people protesting at the parliament in Reykjavík. These were at the time the largest protests in Icelandic history.   Protesters were calling for the resignation of government officials and for new elections to be held. Unlike every other country during this global crisis, numerous officials and bank leaders were imprisoned and the government reclaimed ownership of many industries in response. How did this protest develop, and why was their protest so successful in comparison to other movements such as Occupy Wall Street? We chat about why average citizens got involved and lessons we can learn from this unique period in history.   To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For more information and updates, visit www.poorproles.com and subscribe to our e-mail list. For the supplemental reader that goes along with the podcast, visit: https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com   Sources: Dixon, M. (2018). Economic crisis and mass protest: The pots and pans revolution in Iceland. Social Forces, 96(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy029 Bibler, J. (2021). Iceland’s secret: The untold story of the world’s biggest con. Harriman House.    

Denmark Vesey, a carpenter and formerly enslaved person, allegedly planned an enslaved insurrection to coincide with Bastille Day in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822. Vesey modeled his rebellion after the successful 1791 slave revolution in Haiti. His plans called for his followers to execute the white enslavers, liberate the city of Charleston, and then sail to Haiti before the white power structure could retaliate. Vesey and several of his co-conspirators worshiped at the African Church, the AME congregation which became Mother Emanuel after the Civil War. Along with white abolitionists in the North, Vesey referenced the Bible in his attacks on the institution of slavery. In the aftermath of the execution, white Charlestonians tore down the church and supported new efforts to control the black majority. Funds were appropriated to support a Municipal Guard of 150 men and the construction of "a Citadel" to house them and weapons. In 1843, the structure became home to the cadets of the South Carolina Military Academy. Additionally, as Vesey's rebellion relied on assistance from free black sailors, South Carolina passed legislation known as the Negro Seamen Acts. The act called for the incarceration of visiting free black sailors in local jails while their vessel remained in Charleston to eliminate contact between free black sailors from outside of South Carolina and black Charlestonians. Despite protests from northern states and British consuls, South Carolina stubbornly insisted on its right to police its population in this way. Denmark Vesey was later held up as a hero among abolitionists, including Frederick Douglass, during the Civil War. Douglass used Vesey's name as a rallying cry in recruiting and inspiring African American troops, including the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. Vesey's son, Robert, attended the April 14, 1865 ceremony at Fort Sumter. Today, however, his name remains largely unknown despite his foundational role in accelerating further slave rebellions and ultimately the civil war itself. We discuss why this is the case and what lessons can be learned from this story.   To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For more information and updates, visit www.poorproles.com and subscribe to our e-mail list. For the supplemental reader that goes along with the podcast, visit: https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com   Sources: Jeremy Schipper “Denmark Vesey’s Bible” https://userpages.umbc.edu/~bouton/History407/SlaveStats.htm https://www.ccpl.org/charleston-time-machine/defining-charlestons-free-people-color

Denmark Vesey, a carpenter and formerly enslaved person, allegedly planned an enslaved insurrection to coincide with Bastille Day in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822. Vesey modeled his rebellion after the successful 1791 slave revolution in Haiti. His plans called for his followers to execute the white enslavers, liberate the city of Charleston, and then sail to Haiti before the white power structure could retaliate. Vesey and several of his co-conspirators worshiped at the African Church, the AME congregation which became Mother Emanuel after the Civil War. Along with white abolitionists in the North, Vesey referenced the Bible in his attacks on the institution of slavery. In the aftermath of the execution, white Charlestonians tore down the church and supported new efforts to control the black majority. Funds were appropriated to support a Municipal Guard of 150 men and the construction of "a Citadel" to house them and weapons. In 1843, the structure became home to the cadets of the South Carolina Military Academy. Additionally, as Vesey's rebellion relied on assistance from free black sailors, South Carolina passed legislation known as the Negro Seamen Acts. The act called for the incarceration of visiting free black sailors in local jails while their vessel remained in Charleston to eliminate contact between free black sailors from outside of South Carolina and black Charlestonians. Despite protests from northern states and British consuls, South Carolina stubbornly insisted on its right to police its population in this way. Denmark Vesey was later held up as a hero among abolitionists, including Frederick Douglass, during the Civil War. Douglass used Vesey's name as a rallying cry in recruiting and inspiring African American troops, including the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. Vesey's son, Robert, attended the April 14, 1865 ceremony at Fort Sumter. Today, however, his name remains largely unknown despite his foundational role in accelerating further slave rebellions and ultimately the civil war itself. We discuss why this is the case and what lessons can be learned from this story.   To support this podcast, join our patreon for early episode access at www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For more information and updates, visit www.poorproles.com and subscribe to our e-mail list. For the supplemental reader that goes along with the podcast, visit: https://poorprolesalmanac.substack.com   Sources: Jeremy Schipper “Denmark Vesey’s Bible” https://userpages.umbc.edu/~bouton/History407/SlaveStats.htm https://www.ccpl.org/charleston-time-machine/defining-charlestons-free-people-color

A Rebel with a Cause: Denmark Vesey and the Seeds of Insurrection This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" explores the life and legacy of Denmark Vesey, a formerly enslaved man who planned a major slave uprising in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1822. The hosts, Elliot and Andy, use Vesey's story to examine the complex social and religious landscape of the antebellum South and the role of the Bible in both justifying and condemning slavery. They also highlight the often-overlooked role of the Black church in organizing and mobilizing resistance to slavery. Denmark Vesey: A Man Who Dared to Dream of Freedom The episode begins by introducing Denmark Vesey, whose planned uprising was nine years before Nat Turner's rebellion and 37 years before John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry. Vesey's plan, which was ultimately thwarted, involved seizing weapons, setting fires throughout Charleston, and killing the city's entire white population before escaping to Haiti. The hosts emphasize that Vesey, unlike many other enslaved people, had achieved freedom and established a successful carpentry business. This fact makes his decision to risk everything for an uprising all the more remarkable, highlighting the depth of his commitment to ending slavery. The Bible as a Double-Edged Sword: Justifying Slavery and Inspiring Resistance The episode explores how the Bible was used by both slave owners and abolitionists to support their respective positions. Vesey himself used scripture to rally support for his cause, arguing that the Bible commanded the Israelites to destroy their enemies and that slavery was a sin that needed to be eradicated. He drew on passages from both the Old and New Testaments to inspire and reassure his followers, illustrating how the same text could be interpreted in vastly different ways. The hosts point out that the authority of the Bible, rather than its specific content, made it a powerful tool for both sides. They connect this historical phenomenon to contemporary issues, suggesting that the Bible continues to be used to justify harmful ideologies and policies. The Role of the Black Church: A Space for Community and Resistance The establishment of the first African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church in Charleston in 1817 played a pivotal role in Vesey's organizing efforts. The church provided a space for Black people to gather, build community, and develop a shared sense of identity, independent from the white-dominated churches. This independence fueled fears among white slave owners, who suspected that the AME Church was being supported by abolitionists and that it was fostering insurrection. The hosts emphasize the importance of "meet space" - physical spaces where people can come together and build community - for fostering social and political change. They connect this historical example to the need for similar spaces in contemporary society, arguing that strong communities are essential for challenging oppressive systems. The Perils of "Middle Ground": The Complicity of Moderate Voices The episode examines the role of white religious leaders in Charleston, particularly Benjamin Palmer and Richard Fuhrman, who condemned Vesey's planned uprising while simultaneously advocating for the right of Black people to read the Bible. These figures represent the "radical centrists" of their time, who sought to maintain a delicate balance between preserving the institution of slavery and appeasing moral concerns about its cruelty. The hosts argue that these moderate voices ultimately served to reinforce the status quo by discouraging more radical action. They draw parallels to contemporary political debates, suggesting that those who advocate for incremental change or compromise with oppressive systems often end up perpetuating those systems. The Illusion of Power: Fear and the Fragility of the Slaveholding Class Despite their outward confidence, the white elite in Charleston lived in constant fear of a slave revolt. This fear was amplified by the fact that enslaved people outnumbered white people in both the city and the surrounding countryside. The episode suggests that this demographic reality, coupled with the growing abolitionist movement in the North and Europe, created a sense of vulnerability among slave owners. The hosts argue that this underlying fear shaped the reactions of the slaveholding class to Vesey's planned uprising. They suggest that the harsh punishments meted out to Vesey and his followers, as well as the subsequent crackdown on Black literacy, were driven by a desperate attempt to maintain control and suppress dissent. The Legacy of Denmark Vesey: A Challenge to the "Natural Order" The episode concludes by reflecting on the lasting significance of Vesey's story. Although his uprising was unsuccessful, it exposed the deep cracks in the foundation of Southern society and demonstrated the potential for organized resistance to slavery. The hosts argue that Vesey's use of the Bible to challenge the "natural order" of things laid the groundwork for future abolitionist movements and continues to inspire those who fight for social justice today. They end the episode by promising to explore the specifics of Vesey's plan and the events leading up to his capture and execution in the next installment. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/

This episode picks up where the previous episode left off, exploring Erna Bennett's work with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and her increasing criticisms of the Green Revolution's impact on global agriculture. The episode portrays Bennett as a dedicated scientist who challenged powerful interests within the FAO and the broader agricultural establishment to advocate for a more nuanced and ecologically sound approach to food production. Bennett's Critique of Seed Banks: "More Artifacts Than Resources" Building on her earlier work in genecology, Bennett argued that simply storing seeds in banks was insufficient for protecting plant genetic diversity. She believed that removing seeds from their natural environments and storing them in controlled conditions halted the evolutionary processes that allowed plants to adapt to changing environments and pressures. This critique challenged the prevailing view that seed banks were the primary solution to genetic erosion. Bennett stressed that preserving the dynamic relationship between plants and their environments was essential for maintaining their evolutionary potential. She likened seed banks to museums, preserving artifacts rather than living, evolving organisms. This perspective, although initially controversial, has gained traction in contemporary discussions about the limitations of seed banks and the need for complementary conservation strategies. Challenging the "Plug and Play" Approach to Plant Breeding Bennett criticized the dominant approach to plant breeding during the Green Revolution, which focused on isolating and manipulating individual genes to achieve specific traits, such as high yields or disease resistance. She argued that this reductionist perspective overlooked the complex interactions between multiple genes and the environment. She likened this approach to the simplistic Punnett squares used to illustrate basic Mendelian inheritance, highlighting the inadequacy of such models for understanding the intricate web of genetic interactions in real-world ecosystems. Instead, Bennett advocated for a more holistic understanding of plant genetics, emphasizing the need to conserve entire genotypes – the complete set of genes within an organism – to preserve the full range of adaptive potential. The Importance of Local Knowledge: Echoes of Efraím Hernández Xolokotzi Just like Efraím Hernández Xolokotzi, whose story was explored in previous episodes, Bennett recognized the vital role of local knowledge in understanding and preserving plant diversity. She argued that seed collections should be accompanied by meticulous documentation of local agricultural practices, cultural traditions, and environmental variations. This emphasis on integrating scientific knowledge with the wisdom of farming communities directly challenged the top-down, technocratic approach often associated with the Green Revolution. Clashing with Otto Frankel: A Debate on the Practicality of In Situ Conservation The episode highlights a key intellectual debate between Bennett and Otto Frankel, a prominent geneticist and advocate for the Green Revolution. Frankel argued that preserving landraces – locally adapted varieties – in their original environments was impractical in a world where those environments were rapidly changing. He questioned the purpose of in situ conservation when agricultural landscapes were undergoing significant transformations. Bennett countered that while Frankel's concerns were valid, the solution lay not in abandoning in situ conservation but in adapting it to dynamic conditions. This disagreement underscores the tension between preserving traditional agricultural practices and adapting to the pressures of modernization. The Green Revolution's Blind Spot: Communities Feeding Themselves as a Threat The episode delves into the ideological underpinnings of the Green Revolution, arguing that it was based on a belief that Western science was necessary to "save" the world from hunger and that communities feeding themselves were somehow a negative outcome. Frankel's skepticism towards Bennett's focus on local food production is framed as evidence of this worldview. The hosts suggest that Frankel, and by extension the Green Revolution's proponents, saw the goal of agriculture not as empowering communities to provide for themselves, but as integrating them into a globalized system of food production and consumption. This interpretation aligns with critiques of the Green Revolution that highlight its role in promoting industrial agriculture and corporate control over food systems. Corporatization of Seed Banks: The "Personal Resource Bank" Problem The episode explores how seed banks, initially intended as a public good, became increasingly vulnerable to corporate interests. Bennett observed that certain companies viewed these publicly funded collections as their own private resource banks, seeking to acquire and control valuable genetic material for commercial purposes. The hosts draw a parallel between this phenomenon and the strategies employed by companies like Kellogg's, which dominate supermarket shelves by acquiring and controlling multiple brands. This comparison highlights how corporate consolidation can undermine public institutions and erode access to essential resources, including genetic diversity. Silencing Dissent: Bennett's Struggle Against Corporate Influence within the FAO Bennett's outspoken criticisms of corporate influence within the FAO led to increasing marginalization and silencing. Her superiors pressured her to downplay her concerns, and she was eventually isolated from research activities and prohibited from attending meetings without explicit permission. This treatment reveals the power dynamics within international organizations and how dissenting voices can be marginalized, particularly when they challenge the interests of powerful corporations. Bennett's Departure from the FAO: A Blaze of Glory and Lasting Impact The episode culminates in Bennett's dramatic exit from the FAO in 1981, after 20 years of service. She refused to retract a scathing critique of the FAO's complicity in promoting corporate interests, which was accidentally released to the public. Her resignation on May Day, followed by her participation in a May Day march in Rome, is presented as a symbolic act of defiance against capitalist exploitation and a commitment to worker solidarity. Despite facing significant opposition, Bennett's work had a lasting impact on the field of plant genetic resources. Her early warnings about the dangers of genetic erosion helped to raise awareness of the issue and contributed to the development of international agreements aimed at conserving plant diversity. The episode concludes by emphasizing the importance of recovering and amplifying Bennett's story, which has been largely obscured, perhaps intentionally, from mainstream narratives about the Green Revolution. T It's worth noting that this episode, while based on historical research, is presented through the lens of the hosts' specific political perspectives. They openly identify themselves as "proles" and frequently critique capitalism and corporate influence. Therefore, it is important to consider their potential biases when interpreting their analysis of Bennett's story and the broader context of the Green Revolution. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" introduces Erna Bennett, a lesser-known figure whose life intersected with major historical events and intellectual currents. The episode highlights Bennett's unconventional path, starting with her adventurous (and occasionally fabricated) military career, and moving towards her significant contributions to the field of genecology, a discipline that explores the relationship between genetic variation and environmental factors. Throughout the episode, the hosts emphasize Bennett's sharp wit, rebellious spirit, and unwavering commitment to her principles, even when those principles put her at odds with powerful institutions. **The episode begins with a humorous acknowledgement of Bennett's obscurity, noting that finding meaningful information about her life requires digging through a "treasure trove" of obituaries, scholarly articles, and a four-hour audio interview held by the National Library of Australia. ** A Rebellious Youth: Early Signs of Bennett's Independent Spirit The hosts trace Bennett's rebellious streak back to her childhood in Belfast, where she described the city as "rather awful." Her father, a socialist and policeman, encouraged her to challenge conventional thinking, a value that would shape her trajectory. **Her willingness to question authority is illustrated by an anecdote involving a priest who visited her home for her baptism. Rather than passively accepting religious doctrine, the teenage Bennett engaged in a spirited debate about creationism, ultimately driving the priest away. ** Wartime Adventures: Deception, Defiance, and a Growing Political Consciousness Bennett's adventurous spirit took center stage during World War II. She lied about her age to enlist in the British army, and later, when relegated to kitchen duties, she boldly claimed to be a skilled pilot, despite having only a "theoretical" understanding of flying. Her first flight was a chaotic test of the plane's limits, leaving her instructor speechless and terrified, while she discreetly vomited in a corner. This episode in her life highlights both her audacity and her capacity for learning on the fly (pun very much intended by the podcast hosts). **Her wartime experiences in Greece proved to be a political awakening. ** Assigned to British intelligence, Bennett's task was to identify Greek activists who were sympathetic to British interests. However, this work exposed her to the brutal realities of power politics and the manipulation of resistance movements. Witnessing the British government's collaboration with the Nazis to undermine leftist factions within Greece, she became disillusioned with the Allied cause. Defection and the Embrace of a New Cause Driven by her evolving political convictions, Bennett made the radical decision to defect from the British army and join the Greek partisans. She acknowledged the risks and moral complexities of her actions, recognizing that her work with British intelligence had been harmful. She expresses gratitude towards the Greek partisans for accepting her despite her past. This period solidified her commitment to socialism and exposed her to the richness and resilience of traditional agriculture, which she saw being threatened by "progress" imposed by outside forces. Post-War Struggles and a Forging of a New Path Upon her return to England, Bennett faced consequences for her desertion, being court-martialed and ostracized by former friends. The onset of the Cold War further compounded her difficulties, as her communist affiliations made her unemployable in many fields. Despite these setbacks, she pursued her education, earning degrees in botany from London and Durham Universities. She persevered through financial hardship and isolation, eventually securing a position at the National Library of Science and Technology, where her linguistic skills proved valuable. The Scottish Plant Breeding Station: Laying the Groundwork for Genecology Bennett's career path led her to the Scottish Plant Breeding Station, where she worked with Jim Gregor, a renowned geneticist known for his studies on microevolution. It was during this time that she began to articulate her ideas around genecology, a branch of ecology that examines the interplay between genetic diversity within species and their distribution across varied environments. This work focused on understanding how plants adapt to specific ecological conditions, and how those adaptations might be lost in the context of domestication and monoculture agriculture. The Looming Threat of Genetic Erosion: Bennett Sounds the Alarm **By the 1950s, Bennett was already raising concerns about the potential negative impacts of the Green Revolution, which was rapidly expanding across the globe. ** Her focus was on the alarming loss of genetic diversity within crops, as traditional varieties were replaced by high-yielding but genetically uniform cultivars. She saw parallels between the destruction of traditional agriculture in Greece and the processes unfolding in other parts of the world, as industrial agriculture spread its reach. Her research highlighted the importance of preserving the genetic resources found in wild and locally adapted crops, which could hold the key to future resilience in the face of disease and environmental change. Joining the FAO: A Platform for Advocacy and a Watershed Moment The episode concludes with Bennett joining the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1967, a position that allowed her to advance her ideas on a global scale. Her work with the FAO centered around collecting and preserving plant genetic resources, particularly in the Mediterranean region and Central Asia. **She observed firsthand how the introduction of "improved" crops was leading to the displacement of local varieties, resulting in a homogenization of agriculture that posed significant risks for food security. ** The 1967 FAO Technical Conference marked a pivotal moment in Bennett's career and in the growing awareness of the importance of genetic diversity. It was at this conference that the term "genetic erosion" was coined, underscoring the urgent need to protect the genetic resources that underpinned global food systems. Bennett delivered a powerful keynote address, warning of the long-term consequences of neglecting genetic conservation and urging the agricultural community to adopt a more holistic and ecologically sound approach. **The episode foreshadows the conflicts and challenges that Bennett would face as she continued to advocate for her vision of a more sustainable and diverse agriculture, a vision that ran counter to the dominant logic of the Green Revolution. ** To hear her own autobiographical retelling of her story, tune in here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLvPtCF4i-UZl8qEepMmXuVgHs9gGVK-VK For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" continues the story of Efraím Hernández Xolokotzi and examines his experiences at the National Agricultural College in Chapingo (NAC). The episode highlights Xolo's criticisms of the college's curriculum and teaching methods, noting that he believed they were too rigid, lacked socioeconomic context, and did not incorporate indigenous knowledge systems. Xolo argued that agronomists should be "fundamentally biologists with agricultural studies" and discard "old concepts" of rigid categorization. He advocated for higher pay for instructors, the requirement of doctorates, and a greater emphasis on research that was relevant to the specific conditions of Mexico. However, his recommendations were largely ignored. The episode explores the NAC as a representation of the larger issues surrounding the Green Revolution in Mexico. The school became a platform for modern agricultural technology and practices due to substantial funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, successfully promoting the American approach to agriculture. The institution's emphasis on technology and industrial-scale farming was in direct opposition to the traditional, small-scale agriculture practiced by most Mexican farmers. Xolo's worries about the loss of indigenous knowledge and the possible detrimental effects of modernization resonated with a growing number of students who grew increasingly critical of the school's curriculum and focus. Despite the NAC's emphasis on discipline and conformity, there was a strong undercurrent of revolutionary spirit within the student body. This was influenced by the school's history, particularly a traumatic incident during the Mexican Revolution where students witnessed an execution on campus. Students voiced their concerns about the disconnect between their education and the realities of Mexican agriculture, criticizing the quality of instruction, the lack of practical knowledge, and the school's focus on training "agronomic factory workers" rather than researchers and innovators. Student activism was expressed through protests, boycotts, and critical articles in the student newspaper. By 1960, the negative impacts of the Green Revolution were becoming more evident, and Xolo's criticisms grew more pointed. He openly condemned the destruction of Mexican identity and the environmental harm caused by the drive for modernization. He claimed that the Green Revolution was producing "poor imitations of agriculture in other countries" and failing to address the socioeconomic realities of Mexican farmers. Xolo continued to advocate for the integration of traditional knowledge into agricultural education, emphasizing the importance of learning from campesino farmers. He recognized the elders and adults within indigenous communities as essential sources of knowledge, highlighting their "empirical method" that had been tested over generations. The episode emphasizes the fundamental conflict between Xolo's approach and the prevailing paradigm of the Green Revolution. Xolo's emphasis on biodiversity, ecological balance, and the preservation of traditional knowledge was in stark contrast to the focus on maximizing yields through technological interventions. His vision for sustainable and culturally appropriate agriculture clashed with the push for uniformity and standardization that characterized the Green Revolution. The episode sets the stage for Xolo's ongoing resistance to the Green Revolution and his efforts to promote a more holistic and equitable approach to agriculture in Mexico. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/

This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" continues the story of Efraím Hernández Xolokotzi, a renowned Mexican botanist whose views clashed with the dominant agricultural paradigm of the Green Revolution. The episode focuses on Zolo's experiences at the National Agricultural College in Chapingo (NAC), which was heavily funded and influenced by the Rockefeller Foundation. It highlights the growing tension between Zolo's advocacy for traditional agricultural practices and the school's emphasis on U.S.-style modernization. Zolo's Early Critique of Agricultural Education in Mexico Zolo's critical perspective on agricultural education emerged early on, stemming from his observations of the curriculum and teaching methods at the NAC. He believed that the curriculum was too rigid, lacked socioeconomic context, and failed to incorporate indigenous knowledge systems. In a 1955 speech, Zolo argued that agronomists should be "fundamentally biologists with agricultural studies," discarding the "old concepts" of rigid categorization. He advocated for higher pay for instructors, the requirement of doctorates, and a greater emphasis on research that was relevant to the specific conditions of Mexico. Zolo's recommendations were largely ignored by the school's leadership, who continued to prioritize the U.S.-style model of agricultural education. The NAC: A Microcosm of the Green Revolution's Contradictions The episode portrays the NAC as a microcosm of the broader tensions surrounding the Green Revolution in Mexico. The Rockefeller Foundation's heavy investment in the school transformed it into a showcase for modern agricultural technology and practices, effectively turning it into a "PR wing" for the American way of growing food. The school's emphasis on technology and industrial-scale farming contrasted sharply with the traditional, small-scale agriculture practiced by most Mexican farmers. Zolo's concerns about the erasure of indigenous knowledge and the potential negative impacts of modernization were echoed by a growing number of students who became increasingly critical of the school's curriculum and direction. Student Unrest and the Persistence of a Revolutionary Spirit Despite the NAC's emphasis on discipline and conformity, a strong undercurrent of revolutionary spirit persisted within the student body. This was influenced by the school's history, particularly a traumatic incident during the Mexican Revolution where students witnessed an execution on campus. Students became increasingly vocal in their criticisms, expressing concerns about the disconnect between their education and the realities of Mexican agriculture. They complained about the quality of instruction, the lack of practical knowledge, and the school's focus on training "agronomic factory workers" rather than researchers and innovators. Student activism manifested in various forms, including protests, boycotts, and critical articles in the student newspaper. Zolo's Increasingly Outspoken Critique of the Green Revolution By 1960, the negative impacts of the Green Revolution were becoming more apparent, and Zolo's critique became increasingly pointed. He publicly denounced the destruction of Mexican identity and the ecological damage caused by the push for modernization. He argued that the Green Revolution was creating "poor imitations of agriculture in other countries" and failing to address the socioeconomic realities of Mexican farmers. Zolo continued to advocate for the incorporation of traditional knowledge into agricultural education, emphasizing the importance of learning from campesino farmers. He saw the elders and adults within indigenous communities as vital repositories of knowledge, highlighting their "empirical method" that had been tested over generations. A Clash of Agricultural Philosophies The episode underscores the fundamental clash of philosophies between Zolo's approach and the dominant paradigm of the Green Revolution. Zolo's emphasis on biodiversity, ecological balance, and the preservation of traditional knowledge stood in stark contrast to the focus on maximizing yields through technological interventions. His vision for a sustainable and culturally appropriate agriculture was at odds with the push for uniformity and standardization that characterized the Green Revolution. The episode sets the stage for Zolo's continued resistance to the Green Revolution and his efforts to promote a more holistic and equitable approach to agriculture in Mexico.For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/

A Formative Trip and the Rise of Extension Schools: Setting the Stage for Zolo's Story This episode of "The Poor Proles Almanac" focuses on the early life and career of Efraím Hernández Xolokotzi, a Mexican botanist. It begins by establishing the historical and political context of Mexico in the 1940s and 1950s, particularly the influence of the Rockefeller Foundation and the rise of U.S.-style agricultural extension schools. The episode emphasizes Zolo's early experiences and the factors that shaped his unique perspective on agriculture, contrasting his approach with the prevailing trend of promoting American-style agricultural modernization in Mexico. Zolo's Formative Journey: From Aspiring Engineer to Advocate for Traditional Agriculture The episode recounts Zolo's childhood move to the U.S. and his initial pursuit of electrical engineering. A pivotal trip back to Mexico to visit his father during his senior year exposed him to the realities of peasant farming in Mexico, inspiring a shift in his academic focus towards agronomy. This experience highlighted the ingenuity and resilience of traditional farming practices, particularly in the face of limited rainfall and poor soil quality. The episode emphasizes the deep impact this trip had on Zolo, foreshadowing his later advocacy for campesino knowledge and sustainable agricultural practices. The Rise of Extension Schools and the Push for American-Style Modernization The episode outlines the significant role of the Rockefeller Foundation in shaping Mexican agricultural policy during this period. Drawing on the successes of the Green Revolution in the United States, the Rockefeller Foundation sought to replicate its model in Mexico, promoting the adoption of hybrid seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and mechanized farming techniques. This push for modernization was furthered through the establishment of U.S.-style agricultural extension schools, modeled after land-grant universities and Cooperative Extension programs. The episode highlights the rapid transformation of Mexican agriculture within a few years, fueled by the influence of figures like Salvador Sanchez, a prominent botanist and proponent of American agricultural practices. Sanchez's success in promoting these practices, coupled with the allure of American-style prosperity, led to the widespread adoption of the extension school model and the rapid dissemination of modern agricultural techniques throughout Mexico. Zolo's Unique Path Amidst the Tide of Modernization While working for the Rockefeller Foundation's Mexico Agricultural Program (MAP), Zolo collected thousands of corn samples, showcasing his deep interest in preserving traditional crop varieties. However, his approach differed significantly from other scientists involved in the program. Zolo prioritized understanding and documenting indigenous knowledge systems, immersing himself in the cultural context surrounding agricultural practices. This approach is exemplified in his fascination with the Milpa system, a traditional intercropping method, which he recognized as a highly efficient and sustainable form of agriculture. The episode contrasts Zolo's focus on long-term sustainability and ecological balance with the prevailing emphasis on short-term increases in crop yields. A Foreshadowing of Conflict The episode concludes by hinting at the growing tension between Zolo's views and the dominant agricultural paradigm in Mexico. His suggestion to utilize native plants and goats instead of pursuing cotton production in arid regions highlights his willingness to challenge conventional wisdom and advocate for alternative approaches. Similarly, his questioning of MAP's focus on increased production despite the lack of overall improvement in food security suggests a growing critique of the Rockefeller Foundation's agenda. The episode sets the stage for Zolo's eventual confrontation with the Green Revolution in Mexico, establishing his deep appreciation for traditional agricultural practices and his willingness to question the prevailing dogma. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/

This episode details the financial and legal collapse of American Energy Farming Systems (AEFS) as its grand plans for the Jerusalem artichoke fall apart. The episode explores the company's internal financial mismanagement, the legal fallout from its unsustainable business practices, and the key players' fates as the artichoke bubble bursts. AEFS's Financial House of Cards: A Trail of Reckless Spending and Dubious Accounting The episode reveals a pattern of financial mismanagement and questionable practices within AEFS, highlighting the company's disregard for basic accounting principles and blatant disregard for legal and ethical boundaries. Ignoring warnings: Despite repeated warnings from auditing firms about their irregular financial practices, AEFS owners, Dwyer and Hendrickson, continued to treat company funds as personal piggy banks. Mixing personal and company funds: The owners consistently blurred the lines between personal and company finances, using corporate funds for personal expenses, advances, and even credit card payments. Exploiting tax loopholes: AEFS opted to operate under Subchapter S of the Internal Revenue Code, which allowed them to be taxed as a partnership. This structure, however, backfired when their excessive withdrawals from the company triggered significant tax liabilities, particularly as the business began to fail. Fabricating profits: The company deceptively counted future sales against advances taken from company accounts, creating a false impression of financial stability while masking their reckless spending. Manipulating land deals: Dwyer and Hendrickson used company funds to purchase personal farms, which they then leased back to AEFS at inflated prices, further enriching themselves at the company's expense. Engaging in self-dealing: Dwyer, through his construction company Dwyer Inc., engaged in blatant self-dealing, buying seed at low prices and selling it back to AEFS at a significant markup. Additionally, Dwyer Inc. received substantial unsecured loans from AEFS, creating a web of financial entanglements that further drained the company's resources. The Challenge Fund Scheme: Reverend Kramer, with Dwyer's support, established the "Challenge Fund," purportedly to lend money to high-risk growers. In reality, the fund served as a mechanism to dispose of excess seed, generate dubious financial paper, and potentially raise cash for personal use, further blurring the lines between religious endeavors and financial exploitation. Legal Reckoning: Investigations, Indictments, and a Fortunate Legal Loophole As AEFS's financial woes mounted and the truth about its operations surfaced, legal troubles intensified. Multiple investigations, including those by the Minnesota Attorney General's office, the FBI, and U.S. postal inspectors, converged on AEFS, culminating in criminal indictments. Settling with the Minnesota Attorney General: AEFS agreed to pay a $40,000 fine, modify its sales practices, and offer growers the option to rescind their contracts. However, with limited cash on hand, the company could not fulfill its financial obligations, leading to further legal action. Facing a Grand Jury: Attorney Peter Kasol, driven by personal connections to individuals who lost money due to AEFS, pursued a criminal case against Dwyer, Hendrickson, and Kramer. This relentless pursuit led to grand jury indictments despite the company's belief that Kasol was a pawn of Big Agriculture. A Fortunate Legal Loophole: In a surprising turn of events, the state legislature inadvertently decriminalized the charge of diverting corporate assets while redrafting the relevant statutes. This legal technicality significantly weakened the prosecution's case, leading to a less severe punishment for the AEFS executives. The Aftermath: Bankruptcy, Evasion, and New Ventures AEFS eventually declared bankruptcy, leaving a trail of unpaid debts and disillusioned investors. The episode details the final financial accounting, revealing that Dwyer, Hendrickson, and Kramer siphoned millions from the company, further highlighting the extent of their financial malfeasance. Dwyer's Downfall: Dwyer received a non-dischargeable debt of $815,000, faced property liens, and served jail time for theft by swindle. Despite his legal troubles, he remained unrepentant, blaming external forces for AEFS's failure. Hendrickson's Continued Delusions: Hendrickson, despite receiving a non-dischargeable debt of $50,000 and serving a prison sentence, continued to promote the Jerusalem artichoke, envisioning a new age of cooperative farming amidst global famine. He later shifted his focus to the urban underclass, predicting an uprising in 1992. Kramer's Return to Evangelism: Kramer, burdened with a non-dischargeable debt of $250,000, returned to his religious endeavors, promoting conspiracy theories and blaming other evangelists for his downfall. Lasting Impressions: The Arrogance of Deception and the Allure of the Con The episode concludes by highlighting the audacity and arrogance of Dwyer, Hendrickson, and Kramer, who even after their downfall, continued to deflect blame, manipulate situations, and exploit others for personal gain. Their actions serve as a stark reminder of the dangers of unchecked ambition, the allure of get-rich-quick schemes, and the manipulative power of charismatic leadership. The story of AEFS remains a cautionary tale about the human capacity for self-deception, the fragility of trust, and the importance of critical thinking in the face of extraordinary claims, particularly when intertwined with religious fervor and the promise of financial windfalls. For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/