Dr. Charles Drew was once described as “one of the most constructively active figures in the medical profession.” His work as a key figure in the development of blood banking continues to impact lives today, long after his tragic death.  Research: "Charles R. Drew." Notable Black American Men, Book II, edited by Jessie Carney Smith, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1622000127/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=3948f072. Accessed 21 Oct. 2022. "Drew, Charles Richard (1904-1950)." Encyclopedia of World Biography, Gale, 1998. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A148418612/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=a6aa993c. Accessed 21 Oct. 2022. “Charles Richard Drew.” https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/african-americans-in-sciences/charles-richard-drew.html Biswas, Saptarshi and Dannie Perdomo. “Charles Drew: An extraordinary life.” CC2017 Poster Competition. https://www.facs.org/media/u3xhtqz0/01_charles_drew.pdf Cobb, W. Montague. “Charles Richard Drew, 1904-1950.” The Journal of Negro History , Jul., 1950, Vol. 35, No. 3 (Jul., 1950). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2715713 Diamond, Louis K. “History of Blood Banking in the United States.” JAMA, July 5, 1965. Eschner, Kat. “The First-Ever Blood Bank Opened 80 Years Ago Today.” Smithsonian. 3/15/2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/first-ever-blood-bank-opened-80-years-ago-today-180962486/ Giangrande, Paul L.F. “The history of blood transfusion.” British Journal of Hematology. 12/24/2001. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02139.x Gordon, Ralph C. “Charles R. Drew: Surgeon, Scientist, and Educator.” Journal of Investigative Surgery, 18:223–225, 2005. Grimes, William T. Jr. “The History of Kate Bitting Reynolds Memorial Hospital.” Journal of the National Medical Association. July 1972. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2608830/pdf/jnma00500-0084.pdf Guglielmo, Thomas A. “’Red Cross, Double Cross’: Race and America s World War II-Era Blood Donor Service. The Journal of American History , June 2010, Vol. 97, No. 1 (June 2010). https://www.jstor.org/stable/40662818 Love, Spencie. “’Noted Physician Fatally Injured’: Charles Drew and the Legend That Will Not Die.” Washington History , Fall/Winter, 1992/1993. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40073067 Love, Spencie. “Blood: The Death and Resurrection of Charles R. Drew.” University of North Carolina Press. 1996. Love, Spencie. “One Blood: The Death & Resurrection of Charles R. Drew (Book).” American Visions. Oct/Nov95, Vol. 10 Issue 5, p28-31. National Library of Medicine. “Charles R. Drew: The Charles R. Drew Papers.” https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/bg/feature/biographical-overview Pilgrim, David. “The Truth about the Death of Charles Drew.” June 2004. https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/question/2004/june.htm Thomas, Heather. “Dr. Charles R. Drew: Blood Bank Pioneer.” Library of Congress. 2/16/2021. https://blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2021/02/dr-charles-r-drew-blood-bank-pioneer/ University of Chicago. “Dr. Bernard Fantus: Father of the Blood Bank.” 2004. https://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2011/pres2011-0100.pdf Wallace, Rob. “Medical Innovations: Charles Drew and Blood Banking.” National World War II Museum. 5/4/2020. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/medical-innovations-blood-banking Woo, Susie. “When Blood Won't Tell: Integrated Transfusions and Shifting Foundations of Race.” American Studies, Vol. 55/56, Vol. 55, No. 4/Vol. 56, No. 1 (2017). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44982617 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2012 episode from previous hosts Sarah and Deblina covers some of the performers he worked with, including General Tom Thumb. Swedish singer Jenny Lind, and his biggest act, Jumbo the Elephant. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about why Robert-Houdin has been lauded as the father of modern magic. They also discuss dangerous aspects of his work, and the lack of nuance in stories about his Algerian performances.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

After the 1844 Paris expo, Robert-Houdin turned his efforts to creating his own stage show. He created automata tricks that still delight today, and quickly became a very famous magician. Research: Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin". Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 Jun. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Eugene-Robert-Houdin “How to Do the Classic Cups & Balls Trick.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVXNCMdKs-Y&t=124s “ROBERT-HOUDIN TRIPLE MYSTERY CLOCK.” JACQUES NÈVE HORLOGER D'ART. https://www.horloger.net/purchase-sales/mystery-clocks/74-robert-houdin-triple-mystery-clock/ Robert-Houdin, Jean-Eugène. “Memoirs of Robert-Houdin : ambassador, author, and conjurer.” Geo. G. Evans. Philadelphia. 1859. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42916/42916-h/42916-h.htm Evans, Henry Ridgely (2010) "Robert-Houdin. Conjuror, Author, and Ambassador.," The Open Court: Vol. 1903 : Iss. 12 , Article 3. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ocj/vol1903/iss12/3 “Houdin and the Arabs.” Scientific American, vol. 80, no. 13, 1899, pp. 202–202. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26121253 “Witchcraft as Stagecraft.” New York Times. 1999. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/millennium/m1/teller.html Houdini, Harry. “The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin.” NEW YORKTHE PUBLISHERS PRINTING CO. 1908. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42723/42723-h/42723-h.htm ONES, GRAHAM M. “Modern Magic and the War on Miracles in French Colonial Culture.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 52, no. 1, 2010, pp. 66–99. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40603072 Fechner, Christian. “The Magic of Robert-Houdin: An Artist's Life.” Editions N.C.F. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Robert-Houdin was the magician that Houdini named himself after, his story is hard to pin down, because even his own memoir is written to be entertaining, not accurate. Part one covers his early life, marriages, and beginnings in magic.  Research: Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin". Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 Jun. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Eugene-Robert-Houdin “How to Do the Classic Cups & Balls Trick.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVXNCMdKs-Y&t=124s “ROBERT-HOUDIN TRIPLE MYSTERY CLOCK.” JACQUES NÈVE HORLOGER D'ART. https://www.horloger.net/purchase-sales/mystery-clocks/74-robert-houdin-triple-mystery-clock/ Robert-Houdin, Jean-Eugène. “Memoirs of Robert-Houdin : ambassador, author, and conjurer.” Geo. G. Evans. Philadelphia. 1859. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42916/42916-h/42916-h.htm Evans, Henry Ridgely (2010) "Robert-Houdin. Conjuror, Author, and Ambassador.," The Open Court: Vol. 1903 : Iss. 12 , Article 3. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ocj/vol1903/iss12/3 “Houdin and the Arabs.” Scientific American, vol. 80, no. 13, 1899, pp. 202–202. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26121253 “Witchcraft as Stagecraft.” New York Times. 1999. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/millennium/m1/teller.html Houdini, Harry. “The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin.” NEW YORKTHE PUBLISHERS PRINTING CO. 1908. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42723/42723-h/42723-h.htm ONES, GRAHAM M. “Modern Magic and the War on Miracles in French Colonial Culture.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 52, no. 1, 2010, pp. 66–99. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40603072 Fechner, Christian. “The Magic of Robert-Houdin: An Artist's Life.” Editions N.C.F. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2012 episode from prior hosts Sarah and Deblina covers P.T. Barnum the circus man, museum entrepreneur, and freak show runner. Barnum attracted people to his American Museum through shrewd advertising, and he wasn't afraid of a hoax.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly talk about how the Mancini sisters episode shifted focus as Tracy was researching it, and divorce not being an option in France during their lifetimes. They also talk about the inconsistent details of accounts of the Cocoanut Grove fire.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The tragedy at Boston’s Cocoanut Grove in 1942 is still the deadliest nightclub fire in history. The cause of the fire is still unknown; in its wake, advancements were made in fire safety and medical treatments for burn victims. Research: Boston Public Library. “Great Fires of Boston: November 28, 1942.” 12/20/2021. https://guides.bpl.org/bostonfires/cocoanutgrove National Fire Protection Association. “The Cocoanut Grove Fire.” https://www.nfpa.org/Public-Education/Staying-safe/Safety-in-living-and-entertainment-spaces/Nightclubs-assembly-occupancies/The-Cocoanut-Grove-fire LeBlanc, Steve and Bob Salsberg. “Worst US nightclub fire influences safety codes, burn care.” 11/28/2017. https://apnews.com/article/cd1e3a85b05e4d65bbd85fdf130f142e Illinois Library. “Major American Fires: Cocoanut Grove Fire.” 8/19/2022. https://guides.library.illinois.edu/c.php?g=348303&p=2346975 Boston Fire Historical Society. “The Story of the Cocoanut Grove Fire.” https://bostonfirehistory.org/the-story-of-the-cocoanut-grove-fire/ New England Historical Society. “The Kid Wrongly Blamed for the Cocoanut Grove Fire.” https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/cocoanut-grove-fire-the-kid-wrongly-blamed/ Fleming, Daniel J. “The Cocoanut Grove Revisited.” Prologue. Vol. 49, No. 3. Fall 2017. https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2017/fall/cocoanut-grove Sweeney, Emily. “77 years later, the mystery of the Cocoanut Grove fire remains unsolved.” Boston Globe. 11/27/2019. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/11/27/the-unsolved-mystery-cocoanut-grove-fire/24YsmjPE5ruEpiaT5bev8O/story.html Cullen, Kevin. “Cocoanut Grove plaque shoved down the street.” Boston Globe. 7/9/2016. https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2016/07/09/cocoanut-grove-tragedy-pushed-aside-name-privacy/DEKsnSwRUDK3fF5YvPWHJK/story.html Rosenfeld, Eva K. “The Fire That Changed The Way We Think About Grief.” The Crimson. 11/29/2018. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/11/29/erich-lindemann-cocoanut-grove-fire-grief/ National Fire Protection Association. “The Lingering Mystery of the Cocoanut Grove Nightclub Fire.” 11/15/2019. Via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYNUedVD6G8 Grant, Casey. “Legacy of the Cocoanut Grove Nightclub Fire.” WGBH Forum Network. Via YouTube. 8/21/2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UZ1_Nk-4Wk Reilly, William Arthur. “Report Concerning the Cocoanut Grove Fire, November 28, 1942.” 1944. https://bostonfirehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/51/2016/11/reportconcerningcocoanutgrovefire.pdf Saffle, Jeffrey R. “The 1942 Fire at Boston's Cocoanut Grove Nightclub.” Edgar J. Poth Memorial Lecture. American Journal of Surgery. Vol. 166. 12/1993. Stewart, Camille L. “The Fire at Cocoanut Grove.” Journal of Burn Care & Research. Volume 36, Number 1. January/February 2015. Veltfort, Helene Rank and George E. Lee. “The Cocoanut Grove Fire: A Study in Scapegoating.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 38, 1943. Grant, Casey C. “Last Dance at Cocoanut Grove.” NFPA Journal. November/December 2007 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Hortense and Marie Mancini tried to make a place for themselves in 17th-century Europe, defying all kinds of conventions along the way. Their lives were full of adventure and daring, but they were also both stuck in abusive marriages.   Research: "Jules Mazarin." Historic World Leaders, edited by Anne Commire, Gale, 1994. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1616000407/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=68d5e2f8. Accessed 11 Oct. 2022. "When lesbian passions stirred at court." Times [London, England], 7 Feb. 2019, p. 3. Gale In Context: Global Issues, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A572957931/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=8ab9535e. Accessed 11 Oct. 2022. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Mancini sisters". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Dec. 2015, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mancini-sisters. Accessed 12 October 2022. Esslemont, Chloe. “Keeping up with the Mazarinettes.” Art UK. 1/17/2019. https://artuk.org/discover/stories/keeping-up-with-the-mazarinettes Ferguson, Donna. “Restoration influencer: how Charles II's clever mistress set trends ahead of her time." The Guardian.2/28/2021. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/feb/28/restoration-influencer-how-charles-iis-clever-mistress-set-trends-ahead-of-her-time Folger Library. “The Fabulous Mancini Sisters.” 3/13/2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sX30o5FX0Y Folgerpedia. “The Mancini Sisters.” https://folgerpedia.folger.edu/The_Mancini_Sisters:_Mistresses_and_Memoirists Goldsmith, Elizabeth C. “The Kings' Mistresses: The Liberated Lives of Marie Mancini, Princess Colonna, and Her Sister Hortense, Duchess Mazarin.” Public Affairs. 2012. Latour, Therese Louis. “Princesses Ladies And Adventuresses of the Reign of Louis XIV.” London. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. 1924. O’Rourke, John. “17th-Century Sisters the Kardashians Might Admire.” BU Today. 8/27/2012. https://www.bu.edu/articles/2012/17th-century-sisters-the-kardashians-might-admire/ Porter, Linda. “Charles II’s last mistress.” Historia: Magazine of the Historical Writers’ Association. 4/16/2020. https://www.historiamag.com/charles-iis-last-mistress/ Richard, Kristen. “How Italy’s ‘Runaway Duchess’ Changed How We Drink Champagne.” Wine Enthusiast. 2/11/2022. https://www.winemag.com/2022/02/11/hortense-mancini-runaway-duchess-champagne/ Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts. “The Manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Rutland: Letters and papers, 1440-1797 (v.3 mainly correspondence of the fourth Duke of Rutland). v.4. Charters, cartularies, &c. Letters and papers, supplementary. Extracts from household accounts.” Jan. 1889. https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=IgoRAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-IgoRAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2019 episode covers a woman who was the Spanish empire's most widely published poet of her time. Her work has survived until today, but not her own thoughts about much of her life.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.