Explore the exciting world of AI-driven protein engineering, especially its potential in cancer research. Hear about innovative DIY hackathons that push the boundaries of protein design. Discover the rise of competitions aimed at identifying functional proteins from a vast array of AI-generated options. These contests are democratizing science, but challenges remain in setting objective judging criteria and dealing with high experimental failure rates. Tune in for insights into the future of biotech!

Ilyan Iliev, a scientist studying gut fungi's impact on immunity, teams up with Flora Graham, a senior editor at The Nature Briefing. They delve into how fossilized feces reveal dinosaurs' diets and adaptations that led to their dominance. The discussion includes fascinating insights from analyzing over 500 fossilized samples, suggesting a blend of chance events and evolutionary advantages. They also touch on COP29 climate finance outcomes, highlighting the challenges for poorer nations and the urgent need for action in climate negotiations.

Giovanni Traverso, a researcher at MIT, discusses a groundbreaking squid-inspired device that delivers drugs directly into the gut without needles, enhancing medication efficacy by bypassing the digestive breakdown. Brydon Labai dives into innovative light-activated catalysts designed to tackle the persistent issue of 'forever chemicals,' providing hopeful solutions for environmental cleanup. Both guests highlight transformative advancements in drug delivery and pollution remediation that could reshape healthcare and environmental practices.

Bong Ng Kho, an author focused on skull bone marrow's role in aging, discusses how this area becomes vital for blood-cell production as we age, offering potential insights into neuroinflammation. Guy Leckenby, a researcher studying lead-205 isotopes, illuminates new methods for dating the Solar System, showcasing how stellar conditions influence their decay. Together, they highlight the surprising resilience of skull marrow and innovative cosmic dating techniques, leaving listeners intrigued by aging and the cosmos.

Samantha Harvey, author of the Booker Prize shortlisted novel Orbital, sets her narrative aboard an International Space Station-like vessel. She delves into the contrasts astronauts face, balancing the awe of space with daily life’s mundanity. Harvey discusses how distance offers new insights on climate change and humanity's vulnerability against nature. She emphasizes the emotional depth of astronauts, urging a deeper connection to their journeys and the importance of environmental stewardship.

In this insightful discussion, Nick Petrich-Howe, a reporter delving into mitochondrial research, joins metabolism expert Craig Thompson and Stony Brook's Jiayung Chia, who introduces a groundbreaking imaging technique. They unveil a surprising discovery: mitochondria split into two types when nutrients are scarce, optimizing energy production and biosynthesis. This adaptability may explain cancer survival in hostile environments. Additionally, Chia discusses innovative methods for visualizing atomic nuclei, reshaping our understanding of atomic structures.

This discussion features Deborah Blum, an accomplished science journalist, Bruce Lewenstein, an insightful academic, and Beth Simone Noveck, a researcher dedicated to evidence-based policymaking. They delve into the intricate ties between science and politics, exploring how journalism shapes public perception of scientific facts. The dangers of politicization and the manipulation of scientific data are examined, particularly in contexts like climate change and mask mandates, highlighting the call for transparency in governance and the ethical role of science communicators.

Shobita Parthasarathy, a researcher in science and policy, and Mayana Zatz, a geneticist from São Paulo, delve into the intricate dance between politics and scientific research. They discuss how political decisions directly impact funding for research, revealing alarming threats to science in Brazil. The conversation also covers the chilling effects of policies like the Dickey Amendment on gun violence studies. Together, they highlight systemic inequities within the scientific community, stressing the importance of diverse perspectives in fostering objective inquiry.

Melinda Baldwin, a historian of scientific publications, reveals Nature's intricate ties with politics. Philosopher Chiara Ambrosio dives into the demarcation problem, questioning what truly defines science. Shibita Parthasarathy shares insights about how power dynamics shape science and policymaking. Together, they challenge the myth of science as an objective domain, illustrating how societal influences and political funding can sway scientific inquiry. Their discussion uncovers the complex relationship between science and politics through history, including key moments like World War II.

Mariana Linearo, a reporter at Nature, explores the mental health challenges faced by communities in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, after devastating floods. She highlights personal stories of resilience and the importance of community support in recovery. Jeff Tollefson discusses a recent poll revealing scientists’ concerns about the upcoming US election's impact on climate policies, with many expressing willingness to relocate if former President Trump wins. Together, they tackle pressing issues linking climate trauma and political action.