In the US, we spend billions of dollars a year pampering our pets. We have laws to protect them from harm and to punish those who inflict it on them. And yet, we routinely abuse pigs and chickens on farms, cutting off their beaks and tails without anesthesia, and cramming them into cages. In this episode, neuroscientist Lori Marino helps us understand how arbitrarily we draw the lines between animals as pets and animals as food, and how we might redraw those lines.Further listening and reading:  Lori Marino has done in-depth round-ups of all the research on chicken cognition and pig cognition. You might also enjoy this study, where students who worked with chickens were surprised by their intelligence In the piece, we used clips from this BBC Earth segment on how pig intelligence compares to toddler intelligence, and a Compassion in World Farming piece on pigs and video games Dylan Matthews has written in depth about unnecessarily painful pig castration. He’s also written about the practice of mass-culling male chicks.  For more on what labels like “wild caught,” “organic,” and “grass-fed” actually mean for the food you eat, Rachel Krantz wrote a comprehensive guide. We also have more information on what it means for eggs to be “cage-free.”  We always want to hear from you! Please send comments and questions to futureperfect@vox.com. Subscribe to Future Perfect on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app to automatically get new episodes of the latest season each week.This podcast is made possible thanks to support from Animal Charity Evaluators. They research and promote the most effective ways to help animals.Featuring:Lori Marino, Kimmela Center for Animal AdvocacyHosts:Sigal Samuel (@SigalSamuel), staff writer, Vox More to explore:Follow all of Future Perfect’s reporting on the Future of Meat.Subscribe to Vox’s Future Perfect newsletter, which breaks down big, complicated problems the world faces and the most efficient ways to solve them.Follow Us:Vox.com  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

North Carolina is home to around 9 million pigs. Many of those pigs live in big factory farms, and all of those pigs produce a lot of waste. On these factory farms, that waste is collected in big outdoor lagoons, and then sprayed out across fields as fertilizer. People living in communities nearby complain their daily lives are disrupted by the stench, and they fear that it’s affecting their health.On this episode, three North Carolinians team up with a lawyer to try and fight back against these lagoon and sprayfield systems.  Further listening and reading:  ProPublica’s Talia Buford has done in-depth reporting on the problems of overflowing pig waste lagoons in North Carolina, and you can see images of the aftermath of lagoon flooding from Hurricane Florence collected here. Pig waste from factory farms is not just a problem in North Carolina. You can read about issues in Iowa, Minnesota, and Ohio.  A profile of the late epidemiologist Steve Wing, whose research into hog waste deeply informs this episode The Natural Resources Defense Council’s 2019 report on CAFOs Marianne Engelman Lado directs the Environmental Justice Clinic at Vermont Law School, which digs into a wide range of similar environmental justice issues We always want to hear from you! Please send comments and questions to futureperfect@vox.com. Subscribe to Future Perfect on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app to automatically get new episodes of the latest season each week.This podcast is made possible thanks to support from Animal Charity Evaluators. They research and promote the most effective ways to help animals.Featuring:Marianne Engleman Lado, Environmental Justice Clinic, Vermont Law SchoolHosts:Dylan Matthews (@dylanmatt), senior correspondent, Vox More to explore:Follow all of Future Perfect’s reporting on the Future of Meat.Subscribe to Vox’s Future Perfect newsletter, which breaks down big, complicated problems the world faces and the most efficient ways to solve them.Follow Us:Vox.com  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The meat we eat affects us all. It affects non-human animals, but also the farmers and factory workers who raise those animals and slaughter them. It affects the communities living around those farms and slaughterhouses. It affects our health care system and our ability to treat infections. And it affects our environment. On this season of the Future Perfect podcast, we bring you stories about all those effects. And we’ll tell you about some potential changes, big and small, that could make the food we eat more sustainable and more humane. If you haven’t already, subscribe to Future Perfect on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app to automatically get new episodes of the latest season each week.Hosts:Dylan Matthews (@dylanmatt), senior correspondent, Vox Sigal Samuel (@SigalSamuel), staff writer, Vox More to explore:Follow all of Future Perfect’s reporting on the Future of Meat.Subscribe to Vox’s Future Perfect newsletter, which breaks down big, complicated problems the world faces and the most efficient ways to solve them.This podcast is made possible thanks to support from Animal Charity Evaluators. They research and promote the most effective ways to help animals. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Dylan Matthews sits down with housing policy experts and advocates Leonora Camner and Annie Fryman to discuss California’s housing crisis, climate catastrophe, and how more sustainable land use policy could help both.Featuring:Leonora Camner (@CamnerLeonora), executive director, Abundant Housing LAAnnie Fryman (@anniefryman), housing policy lead for California State Senator Scott WienerHost:Dylan Matthews, senior correspondent, VoxMore to explore:Subscribe to Vox’s Future Perfect newsletter, which breaks down the big, complicated problems the world faces and the most efficient ways to solve them.Credits:Producer/Editor: Jackson BierfeldtExecutive Producer: Liz NelsonAbout Vox:Vox is a news network that helps you cut through the noise and understand what's really driving the events in the headlines.Please consider making a contribution to Vox to support this show: bit.ly/givepodcasts. Your support will help us keep having ambitious conversations about big ideas.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Co-host Sean Illing talks to Peniel Joseph, a University of Texas at Austin historian of Black Power movementsRelevant resources: The Sword and the Shield: The Revolutionary Lives of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. by Peniel JosephFeaturing:Peniel Joseph, a history professor at the University of Texas at AustinHost:Sean Illing (@seanilling), interviews writer, VoxMore to explore:Subscribe to Vox’s Future Perfect newsletter, which breaks down the big, complicated problems the world faces and the most efficient ways to solve them.Credits:Producer/Editor: Jackson BierfeldtEditor: Elbert VenturaExecutive Producer: Liz NelsonAbout Vox:Vox is a news network that helps you cut through the noise and understand what's really driving the events in the headlines.Please consider making a contribution to Vox to support this show: bit.ly/givepodcasts. Your support will help us keep having ambitious conversations about big ideas. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Co-host Sigal Samuel talks to Nikki Mirghafori, a Buddhist meditation teacher and AI researcher, about how to practice mindfulness of death Relevant resources: “Our calm is contagious”: How to use mindfulness in a pandemic, by Sigal SamuelIt’s okay to be doing okay during the pandemic, by Sigal SamuelAre we morally obligated to meditate? by Sigal Samuel Featuring:Nikki Mirghafori, a Buddhist meditation teacher and AI researcher Host:Sigal Samuel (@SigalSamuel), staff writer, VoxMore to explore:Subscribe to Vox’s Future Perfect newsletter, which breaks down the big, complicated problems the world faces and the most efficient ways to solve them.Credits:Producer/Editor: Jackson BierfeldtEditor: Elbert VenturaExecutive Producer: Liz NelsonAbout Vox:Vox is a news network that helps you cut through the noise and understand what's really driving the events in the headlines.Please consider making a contribution to Vox to support this show: bit.ly/givepodcasts. Your support will help us keep having ambitious conversations about big ideas. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Co-host Sean Illing talks to Sister Ilia Delio, a Franciscan nun and Catholic theologian, about the power of love and suffering in Christianity.Relevant resources: The Unbearable Wholeness of Being: God, Evolution, and the Power of Love, Ilia DelioMaking All Things New: Catholicity, Cosmology, Consciousness, Ilia DelioFeaturing:Ilia Delio, a Franciscan Sister of Washington, DC, and Villanova University theology professorHost:Sean Illing (@seanilling), senior interviews writer, VoxMore to explore:Subscribe to Vox’s Future Perfect newsletter, which breaks down the big, complicated problems the world faces and the most efficient ways to solve them.Credits:Producer/Editor: Jackson BierfeldtEditor: Elbert VenturaExecutive Producer: Liz NelsonAbout Vox:Vox is a news network that helps you cut through the noise and understand what's really driving the events in the headlines.Please consider making a contribution to Vox to support this show: bit.ly/givepodcasts. Your support will help us keep having ambitious conversations about big ideas. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Co-host Sigal Samuel talks to Cornel West, professor of the Practice of Public Philosophy at Harvard, about Black liberation theology, existentialism, and other philosophies that can help us through these times.Relevant resources: Cornel West and Tricia Rose on The Tight Rope, Apple Podcasts  Featuring:Cornel West (@CornelWest), professor of the Practice of Public Philosophy at HarvardHost:Sigal Samuel (@SigalSamuel), staff writer, Vox More to explore:Subscribe to Vox’s Future Perfect newsletter, which breaks down the big, complicated problems the world faces and the most efficient ways to solve them.Credits:Producer/Editor - Jackson BierfeldtEditor - Elbert VenturaExecutive Producer Liz NelsonAbout Vox:Vox is a news network that helps you cut through the noise and understand what's really driving the events in the headlines.Please consider making a contribution to Vox to support this show: bit.ly/givepodcasts. Your support will help us keep having ambitious conversations about big ideas. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Co-host Sean Illing talks to Robert Zaretsky, professor of French history at the University of Houston, about Albert Camus’s novel The Plague.Relevant resources: The Plague, by Albert CamusSimone Weil: An Anthology, by Simone WeilAlbert Camus: Elements of a Life, by Robert Zaretsky Featuring:Robert Zaretsky, professor of history at the University of HoustonHost:Sean Illing (@seanilling), senior interviews writer, Vox More to explore:Subscribe to Vox’s Future Perfect newsletter, which breaks down the big, complicated problems the world faces and the most efficient ways to solve them.About Vox:Vox is a news network that helps you cut through the noise and understand what's really driving the events in the headlines.Please consider making a contribution to Vox to support this show: bit.ly/givepodcasts. Your support will help us keep having ambitious conversations about big ideas. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Co-host Sigal Samuel talks to Omid Safi, professor of Islamic Studies at Duke University, about the benefits of solitude and suffering, according to Sufis like Rumi.Relevant resources: Radical Love: Teachings from the Islamic Mystical Tradition, by Omid Safi Featuring:Omid Safi (@ostadjaan), professor of Islamic Studies at Duke UniversityHost:Sigal Samuel (@SigalSamuel), staff writer, Vox More to explore:Subscribe to Vox’s Future Perfect newsletter, which breaks down the big, complicated problems the world faces and the most efficient ways to solve them.About Vox:Vox is a news network that helps you cut through the noise and understand what's really driving the events in the headlines.Please consider making a contribution to Vox to support this show: bit.ly/givepodcasts. Your support will help us keep having ambitious conversations about big ideas. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices