Capitalmind with Deepak & Shray

Things escalate and hit the fan very quickly in banking. It's fascinating to see how banks go belly-up for the same fundamental reasons but in an entirely unique way each time. It's like being served the same romantic comedy story again and again with different actors, locations, and songs. But, these banking crisis stories are not as enjoyable and they hurt real people financially and emotionally. In this episode, we discuss the crisis at Silicon Valley Bank. How this seemingly robust, conservative, bank with $180 billion in deposits tumbled down in just a couple of days. All was good with the Silicon Valley Bank until, one day, it wasn't. NO, there was no accounting scam. This isn't like Enron. NO, there wasn't any irresponsible speculative betting. This isn't like Lehman. This time it's a different story. But, with the same result. Listen in as Deepak and Shray tell you everything you need to know about the Silicon Valley Bank crisis: What actually happened? What could SVB have done differently starting a year ago? Understand how rising interest rates affect the business of banking What is going to happen next? Lessons for the future If you enjoy Capitalmind Podcast, tweet to us @capitalmind_in and let us know. It doesn't take more than 2 minutes and is the fuel that keeps us going.

Anyone who thinks financial accounting is boring hasn't seen the creativity in some of the financial statements. Not just in India but across the world. In this podcast, Deepak and Shray discuss the shenanigans of financial accounting while referencing various case studies from the business world. This discussion is important because "new age" businesses in India have started reporting "adjusted" accounting statements along with standard reports. While we do understand the need for "adjusted" metrics to gauge the health of a business. Especially when the nature of business is unconventional and may not be represented well by the existing reporting system. But more often than not, such adjustments are used for misguiding investors. Listen in to figure out: Why do businesses need to report adjusted earnings? How cheques, affiliates, GMVs, and ESOPs are used for creative accounting? If such reporting is legal, why should investors care? How do you recognize whether adjustments are real or not? Show notes and time stamps 1:50 - What's the big issue with showing adjusted revenues? 10:20 - Shenanigans of adjusting revenues go back to the days of AOL (1990s) 13:45 - Argument of using the contribution margin 23:00 - How do "adjusted" numbers mislead stakeholders? 27:30 - Examples of creatively using metrics to manipulate numbers? 52:40 - VCs & Investors want "adjusted" metrics to understand business performance 1:00:00 - How to recognize if adjustments are real or not?

Stockbroking is a unique business enabling millions of people to trade billions of dollars of stocks with unknown counterparties. All trades, in this highly regulated ecosystem, are executed seamlessly, settled correctly, and recorded meticulously. It's fascinating to see how far India has come in making this ecosystem world-class and in some cases, the best in the world. In this podcast, Deepak and Shray discuss the nuances of stock broking and how proposed regulations will impact the stock broking industry. They discuss, in detail, the role of stock brokers, regulators (SEBI), clearing corporations, exchanges, and investors. As an investor, how brokers are regulated doesn't impact you directly. Yet, it is important to figure out what happens to your money when you click that buy/sell button on your app. Listen in as we talk about: How does stock broking work in its present form? What are the new regulations proposed? How will these regulations impact the stock brokers? How will it benefit the investors? Timestamps: 02:10 - How trades are settled by your broker and exchange? Earlier and Now? 14:15 - Moving from t+2 to t+1 in settling share transactions 16:20 - Now clearing corporation holds the transactions before settlement. Is it safe? 21:15 - The practice of commingling (shares & money) and regulations around it 40:00 - Drying up float income and the new role of a broker? 44:00 - How much does "no float income" hurt the broker? 52:30 - Will these regulations, meant to protect investors, actually lead to an increase in brokerage charges? 55:10 - Can these regulations prove to be counterproductive? 1:03:00 - Closing remarks

Forecasting is a very difficult business, like selecting lottery tickets. No one could have predicted 2022 as a year in which there was geopolitical war, worldwide inflation, a massive hike in interest rates worldwide, and the US S&P 500 down about 20%, and yet, the Indian markets ended up 4%. If anyone got this spot on, they could still be terribly wrong for 2023. That's why we don't predict, we react. So, what's going to happen in 2023? We can almost hear this question, despite all the data that says prediction is a waste of time. But then, much about the markets is an entertainment business, which means it's great to see people make crazy zany predictions, and maybe some of them will win. So we'll participate mildly in what should purely be entertainment, even if at some point it appears to have deep investing insights. Show Notes and References 1:55 Where should we invest in 2023 and some random predictions 3:00 Four ways this decade will be different from the last one 8:30 Return of Volatility in the markets 14:00 The peril of high interest rates Podcast: Investing in a world with high interest rates 17:00 Return of inflation and higher yields 23:00 Putting Indian inflation in perspective 34:20 Geopolitical turmoil & the return of asset-heavy 39:40 ChatGPT, role of AI & Predicting how humans will react 47:00 Tactically where do I invest my money now? 51:00 Sectors that are positioned well for the current macroeconomic scenario 59:45 Will emerging markets outshine US markets? How did you like the podcast? – Tweet to use at @capitalmind_in

In this conversation with Shray, Deepak shares why he feels now is the time for India's concept of a Retirement Account - he calls it the MERA account. This account should help improve investment opportunities for retail customers, create a longer-term investment horizon and push people to save for their retirements. Listen in as we discuss: The concept of a retirement account Impact on the economy and people Imagining a retirement account scheme that works for India The operational aspect of such an account Who would oppose such a thing? Show notes and references 2:00 - Seven consecutive years of positive market returns for India 4:00 Seize the opportunity of India story with retirement accounts Read: My Empowered Retirement Account (MERA) 8:30 Where do LIC and EPFO invest retirement money "We're giving asset managers our retirement money and asking them to do great things for the next 20 - 30 years... But, they're not doing great things... They are conservative.. not letting me realize my larger risk appetite." 14:30 ELSS equity funds hold money for a longer period of time. Can't they act as retirement funds? 17:00 The peril of investing for retirement with post-tax money 25:00 Deepak introduces his idea of MERA - My Empowered Retirement Account (MERA) 33:00 Why does this matter so much at the national policy level? 41:20 Who are the people who would feel this is not a good idea?

Of late, we have been discussing macro trends that affect the stock markets, the economy, and as an extension, the world. We have been zooming out to capture the big picture painted by investors, regulators, and the invisible hand of Mr. Market. In this episode, Deepak & Shray break from the trend and do something different. Rather than zooming out, we zoom in. We discuss two companies that are going through fascinating developments and make for an interesting discussion. LIC is a recently listed insurer that has a gigantic balance sheet and is a household name in our country of 1.4 billion. It operates in a market that is expanding wider as well as penetrating deeper. Yet, the company seems to be valued poorly by the markets. What's happening here? HDFC and HDFC Bank announced that they will merge at the start of this financial year. The merger is progressing rapidly, getting through from one regulatory approval to another, without much drama. But, this merger is causing drama at unrelated places that have nothing to do with the business or the merger (well, not directly at least). Will this merger make index funds do crazy rebalances? Listen In. Timestamps and highlights 2:00 - LIC has fallen 30% from its IPO. What's going on? 4:25 - Cultural shift to maximize shareholder value 5:00 - Participating and Non-Participating Policy ".. This quarter, LIC said, you know what we have 15000 crores of profit.. which we didn't know we can take.. it turns out that they can and they did.. " 11:15 - 100% of the profit from the Non-Participating Pool should have come to shareholders 19:30 - What happens to LIC, due to its high equity holdings, what happens if markets don't do anything for the next 10 years? 25:30 - Why isn't the market not enthusiastic about LIC if this is such a fantastic opportunity to buy? 30:15 - HDFC merger and the opportunity with Index Constitution 41:30 - The worrying thing about Index funds

As we slowly settle into the post-pandemic era, one of the hallmarks of this period has been higher inflation than we have seen in the recent past. In response to rising inflation, central banks across the world have responded with a fierce interest rate hiking excursion. As a consequence, neither of the asset classes–stocks, or bonds, have performed well recently. It raises an essential question: how should we look at allocating our savings? That's precisely what Deepak and Shray are here to talk about, among intriguing followup questions one may have when it comes to Investing in a world with high interest rates, including which pockets to consider in financial and real assets. Listen in. Timestamps and highlights 01:30 — To an average investor, is debt coming back as a relevant asset class? "If you have multiple periods of high and low interest rates, you might actually get very good returns on certain corporate, or even government bonds." "[…] It's coming to a point where debt might actually start to become an interesting investment, simply because interest rates across the world have gone up. This is not the time to look backward, but to look forward and say going forward, returns might actually be quite good from here." 09:40 — Looking forward, how should one look at asset allocation? And, when is the right time to look at the debt markets? "You might actually want to position yourself at the outer end of the spectrum in government bonds when the RBI switches its stance. But, until then, I think it's a waste of time because you may see interest rates go up substantially. And we don't even know how long they'll go up." "Debt is a very boring instrument. What happens in equity markets in ten days, happens in six months in the bond market. It happens slowly over time, it's excruciatingly painful, and people rejoice over 1% returns. […] But, I think the value in looking at a bond market as an equity-esque investment, only happens when interest rates start to come down." 25:09 — Will high interest rates emanate an opportunity in gold? "It is not inflation that drives gold prices, it's the fear of inflation that drives it." 26:49 — What about opportunities in equity markets? "If in a low interest rate environment, the biggest beneficiaries happen to be zero debt service companies, then from an intuitive perspective, the beneficiaries in a high interest rate environment are companies with very high levels of debt, but whose competitors need the same levels of debt, but can't acquire it because they don't have the same standing in debt markets." 40:03 — Are there repercussions on the startup ecosystem? "The unfortunate problem of startups is that they come from the concept of needing capital to burn." 50:05 — How long do interest rate regimes last? "We have had a very long period of very low rates. Can that mean that we will have a longer period of high rates? The answer will come from how much damage there will be to the economy before the central banks blink." 52:10 — How would we know when there's a pivot? "Interest rate cycles don't change overnight, they take a long time. Watching an interest rate cycle change is like watching paint dry. Six to eight months, something will happen, and suddenly the cycle would have changed." 57:30 — What makes Deepak optimistic about investing in the current landscape? "If you don't deploy in an uncertain world, when do you deploy?"

RBI released a discussion paper that said: We've let you good people live all this time with "free" payment systems, so should we allow banks to start charging now? Specifically for UPI, which has reached volumes of 10 lakh crore rupees per month? And should we charge merchants? Deepak's answer is a big NO. He firmly believes that the payments ecosystem (and the economy as a whole) will gain much more than any fees on UPI transactions will. As always, Deepak has a context to his argument and covers a wide range of nuances. Listen to this podcast to understand his view on different aspects of the UPI payments system, its evolution, and the ways in which it can drive innovation. Also, this podcast covers many different aspects than Deepak's earlier post on the same topic. Show Quotes & Time stamps 02:00 - Deepak and Shray trade fascinating stories about payment systems before UPI. 07:00 - The interoperability of UPI is a game changer 10:30 - How much do we pay for other payment systems? "RBI spends 4,824 crores per year printing cash. None of that cost is borne by anybody except the government itself" 14:30 - The evolution of ATMs, Cheques, NEFT, RTGS, and the big role that RBI played in making these systems affordable for users. 21:30 - Has UPI always been free? Or has it also evolved over time to be free? "The government went to parliament and passed a resolution to make UPI free… That's the extent we went to keep this payment mechanism free" "1,00,000 Crore is now available to banks to make money by parking it RBI and earning interest…. This is because people want to keep money with banks to make UPI payments" 31:00 - How much does it actually cost to run the UPI payments system? "NPCI spends just ~680 crores per year maintaining the UPI infrastructure. Compare that against the float income that banks make on the additional 1 lac crore float" 34:00 - The argument that UPI is a toll road so you should charge for this "public infra" "Credit cards transact about 100k crore a month, debit cards 60k crore per month, ATM withdrawals are at 300k crore per month…. So even now, after all these years, credit + debit card transactions are not more than cash" 41:00 - If you don't let players charge for UPI, who will fund innovation? "Internet protocols were free and they disrupted the world through innovation" "Interestingly, in the payments ecosystem, all innovation has come from the regulator and not private players" 43:40 - Counter arguments from Deepak's Twitter on why UPI shouldn't be free. 44:00 - Google and PhonePe did all the handwork to make UPI popular. Now you're telling me I can't make money on it? "You're building a road and they tell you... you can never charge a toll. But you still keep building that road… that's the payment apps for you" 50:00 - Let's say that the biggest private players leave because you won't let them make a profit. The top 2 guys control ~75% of all transactions. What happens to the ecosystem now? 1:02:00 - Why regulators have enforced limits on incentives and fees? "Financial regulation is not like tech where if you're too big, rules change for you. Here, if you are too big, and you disturb the system, the regulator first makes you small and then beats you" 1:05:30 - Government responses to the UPI monetization paper were very harsh. Why so? "Hoarding cash is ok. Spending that cash on the economy creates a whole new economic system that's outside the view of the government. That's not ok" "From Jan 2020 to now, the total ATM withdrawals are flat. UPI has gone from 120k crore to 1000k crore. The fact that UPI transactions are free has reduced cash transactions" 1:09:30 - The number of UPI transactions has drastically increased. But, is that all? The UPI tech reached its full maturity? What do we have to look forward to wrt UPI? 1:14:00 - UPI as a credit check for lenders and a game-changer for quick small loans There's a lot more interesting stuff ahead with UPI. We're just getting started!

Recently, as of 7th September 2022, total Demat accounts in India touched the 10 crore mark. This is a staggering increase from 4 crore Demat accounts in Mach 2020. This alone is a testimony of increased participation and inclusion of individuals in Indian markets. More and more Indians, especially youngsters, are taking to investing in equities enabled by their smartphones - digital broking, increased information access, and social media influence. The whole securities (stock) market ecosystem has evolved immensely over the past decade and deserves a lot of credit for the recent growth in the participation of new investors. At the helm of the ecosystem sits our regulators who are responsible to enable, guide, protect and watch the market participants to ensure that we have a fair and thriving market. In this episode, Deepak and Shray talk about the role SEBI can play in shaping the future of the markets. They talk about data warehousing, data accessibility, regulatory enhancements, bond markets, disclosures & reporting, and a lot more that would make our markets more accessible. 02:00 - As low as only 3% of household income is directed towards stock markets. Why are people so scared of investing in stocks? 04:00 - Game changers - Digital public goods in our financial system 09:00 - Data warehousing framework at RBI and its US counterpart 16:00 - Does an average investor even use the granular data that we're expecting the regulators to build for? 24:00 - What company data should a centralized database ideally have? 32:00 - The way Indian companies play with stock tickers 34:30 - How will this organized information make things better for all participants? 39:30 - Better information access makes our markets more accessible to FIIs 43:00 - Crazy things that mutual funds & companies do with disclosures 48:00 - PMS & AIF returns should be cross-verified and shouldn't be based on self disclosures "The more developed you are, the more signages you see on the road" 55:00 - SEBI is a far better regulator than many western counterparts. What do you still wish they should improve 59:00 - Would information disclosures will be a hassle for smaller companies? 1:03:30 - AMFI - the Self Regulatory Organization (SRO) recognized by SEBI 1:11:00 - What can SEBI do less to make space for things you wish it should do? 1:15:00 - How much impact can SEBI have on increasing household participation in the markets?

Markets are slaves of earnings and liquidity. Liquidity has taken prominence after the coronavirus outbreak. At first, central banks across the world increased liquidity by cutting rates and helping their populace to live through the pandemic. Then the after effects of increasing liquidity hit – increased inflation. Now, the same banks are sucking out liquidity by increasing interest rates to counter inflation. The looming after effect of increasing rates is the "r" word that is too pious to speak loudly. In this podcast, Deepak & Shray discuss the two central banks that impact us the most – RBI and Fed (Federal Reserve System, USA). What makes this podcast interesting is that we are looking at everything from the lens of who does better – Fed or RBI? Refer to the show notes to see the wide range of things discussed and start listening. . Show notes & references: 02:00 - Why RBI will buy dollars to keep the rupee from appreciating?! Refer: What the Fed's Big Balance Sheet Unwind Means for Markets 05:00 - What happens when RBI sells dollars? 07:00 - How does it control the liquidity of the markets? 14:00 - How have banks run out of liquidity? 17:30 - If banks need money, why don't they increase their FD rates? "Government is now a better bank than all banks. It's also safer" 19:30 - RBI has taken out liquidity, you want to protect the status quo now. How does RBI do it? What are the consequences? "RBI owns 3X more of US government bonds than it holds Indian government bonds. But things are changing." 25:00 - But is the Fed doing now? 26:30 - The interplay of treasury and Fed in the US government monetary environment "RBI hates to buy government bonds because it knows the government is fiscally irresponsible. The US would buy their govt bonds knowing that their government is even more fiscally irresponsible." 28:30 - Mortgage backed securities and agency guaranteed debt. "Fed reduced their balance sheet by ~0.5% while RBI has already reduced the balance sheet by almost 10% in the same period" 35:00 - How increasing interest rates will impact different sectors & industries? 37:00 - If US interest rates go to 4% it will impact India and the world 38:15 - What makes India be in a bright spot as compared to the west? 43:30 - UPI is 10X the size of credit cards in terms of transactions. It's massive. 47:00 - We have screwed up much earlier and recovered. West is starting to experience the fruit of its irresponsible policies. "We might just be the single largest self dependent economy that's worth investing in right now. With a local market which we have mostly given away to foreign players." 53:00 - Domestic investments in equities by Indian investors have absorbed the highest ever FII selling spree. 56:00 - Our neighboring nations are falling apart mostly due to foreign dept - isn't that a concern for us to open foreign investment? "If you don't have the freedom to fire people, you won't hire them at all. That's how human psychology works" 01:02:30 - Summarising Where India is right now in the economic scene "If we don't screw up, we will do really well. Because the world seems to have screwed up."