Reason with Science

This episode is with Michael Levin and William RatCliff. Mike is a Professor in the Biology department at Tufts University. He is a pioneer in the study of bioelectricity, regeneration, and morphogenesis. Will is a Professor in the School of Biological Science at Georgia Tech. He is a leading expert in the study of how single-celled organisms evolved into complex multicellular life forms. Here, we talk about how cells cooperate, evolve, and build the diversity of life we see today. Specifically, we discuss about evolution of multicellularity, the role of bioelectricity in evolution, and the emergence of regeneration.Guests info:William RatCliff-Website: https://ratclifflab.biosci.gatech.edu/X: https://x.com/wc_ratcliffMichael Levin-Website: https://www.drmichaellevin.org/X: https://x.com/drmichaellevinEpisode links:Website: Youtube: https://youtu.be/NULzvSGpmvE?si=qMjfKNyMzKrUmdRmSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/46y8cCFsbzMKRnC1urghVQ?si=E3tDRUojTPOrIsBHDqcusgApple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/how-biology-works-with-michael-levin-and-william/id1641776894?i=1000690266570YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=NULzvSGpmvE&si=Fi1CksVMCBDPe9nvFollow Reason with Science:Website:⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.reasonwithscience.com/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Youtube: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/@ReasonwithScienceSpotify: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Apple podcast: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894 ⁠⁠⁠⁠YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLila1Jm-QEwKu4xXtNpYFAsSDmPR9mlZB&si=5ehXeZhZ-z181G5bTimestamps:00:00:00 Introduction00:04:06 How do you picture a cell?00:12:5600:15:37 What is multicellularity?00:25:58 Why can’t unicellular or early multicellular organisms communicate over long distances?00:31:10 Cells as colonial organisms—how do they coordinate with identical genomes?00:48:11 Introducing snowflakes01:14:36 How does cellular specialization happen, and what makes it unique?01:16:34 Can different experimental conditions lead to new types of specialization?01:33:25 What drives cellular specialization?01:34:46 What happens at the cellular level in diseases like cancer?01:43:52 How do you view aging from a cellular perspective?More on Reason with Science:1) Chemistry of life and death | Nick Lane | Reason with Science | Origin of life | Biochemistry (https://youtu.be/YolIkk_oJdI)2) Collective intelligence of cells | Michael Levin | Reason with science | Bioelectricity | Biology (https://youtu.be/yFNWuHOtM1w) #reasonwithscience #biology #evolution

In this engaging conversation, cognitive scientist Hugo Mercier, author of "Not Born Yesterday," explores the evolution and function of reasoning. He reveals how biases like confirmation bias shape our thinking. Mercier dives into the dual-process theory and the importance of argumentation in improving decision-making. He dispels myths about gullibility, sheds light on storytelling's role in reasoning, and discusses training techniques to enhance critical thinking. The conversation emphasizes collaboration over competition in scientific discourse and the need for intellectual humility in the face of misinformation.

This episode is with Kerstin Göpfrich. She is a leading researcher in the field of synthetic biology with experties in biophysics, DNA nanotechnology. and microfluidics. She leads the max plank research group of biophysical engineering at the max plank Institute for medical research in Heidleberg. Her research centers on utilizing DNA origami, a versatile technique that employs DNA molecules to construct three-dimensional components for synthetic cells. In this conversation we talk about can we create life in the lab, synthetic cells, advantages of using DNA origami in creating synthetic cells, applications, and the future of artificial cells. Guest info: Website: https://goepfrichgroup.de/kerstin-gopfrich/ Twitter: https://x.com/kgoepfrich?s=21 Episode links: Website: https://reasonwithscience.com/synthetic-cells-and-dna-origami-with-kerstin-goepfrich Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6sD5k6uU9A Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/1toGr9GQQxRoKfWKT88SGd?si=C-GUgGxvRzSw9O5qp3FN5w Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/synthetic-cells-and-dna-origami-kerstin-g%C3%B6pfrich/id1641776894?i=1000684692335 YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=S6sD5k6uU9A&si=oCqy98Z0JpxMU5oI Follow Reason with Science: Website: https://www.reasonwithscience.com/ Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/@ReasonwithScience Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894 YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLila1Jm-QEwKu4xXtNpYFAsSDmPR9mlZB&si=Qb5QI_Pucar-QQ1P Timestamps: 00:00:00 - Introduction 00:01:22 - Briefly describe your work and what you do. 00:03:08 - How do you envision a cell? 00:11:51 - What are top-down and bottom-up approaches? 00:17:37 - What are the paths taken to achieve certain functions? 00:20:09 - How are you exploring DNA nanotechnology? 00:24:48 - What do you mean by DNA and RNA origami? 00:35:45 - What does sustaining cells mean? 00:45:50 - Tell us about laser printing. 00:51:03 - What components can you build using DNA or RNA origami? 01:03:45 - Is there progress in using DNA nanotechnology to build metabolic systems? 01:08:19 - What applications do you envision for DNA nanotechnology-based synthetic cells? More on Reason with Science: 1) Chemistry of life and death | Nick Lane | Reason with Science | Origin of life | Biochemistry (https://youtu.be/YolIkk_oJdI) 2) Collective intelligence of cells | Michael Levin | Reason with science | Bioelectricity | Biology (https://youtu.be/yFNWuHOtM1w) 3) Powering the complexity of life with Michael Levin and Nick Lane | Reason with Science | Biology (https://youtu.be/GBxVvLVzF68) 4) How multicellularity evolves | William Ratcliff | Reason with Science | Origin and evolution of life (https://youtu.be/HOrNrg2H5Ok) 5) The evolutionary origins of a good society | Nicholas Christakis | Reason with Science | Psychology (https://youtu.be/61-cE2z-aWI) 6) Food for your health | Dr. Robert Lustig | Reason with Science | Sugar | Diets | Healthy Lifestyle (https://youtu.be/JD4yPgnqv4M?si=3R68UDTRfW_lV5Pw) #reasonwithscience #engineering #biology

This episode is with Steven Austad. He is the Protective Life Endowed Chair in Health Aging Research, a Distinguished professor and Chair of the Department of Biology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Steven has been at the forefront of unraveling the mysteries of why some individuals live longer and healthier lives than others. His work covers a diverse array of topics, from the cellular mechanisms of aging to the evolutionary aspects of longevity in various species. In this conversation we talk about what is ageing?, biggest challenges in the field of ageing, evolutionary aspects of ageing, chronic illnesses and how to increase human life span? Guest info: Website: https://www.uab.edu/cas/biology/people/faculty/steven-n-austad Twitter: https://twitter.com/StevenAustad Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/Books-Steven-N-Austad/s?rh=n%3A283155%2Cp_27%3ASteven+N.+Austad Episode links: Website: https://www.reasonwithscience.com/home/evolutionary-aspects-of-ageing-with-steven-austad Youtube: https://youtu.be/823Yw2LtOSs?si=UzDtGW2npXjmS2VC Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/48kythKGzGRRP0kprH2URf?si=bLVx4NCsQuCVdwH2J6EyvA Apple podcast: https://podcastsconnect.apple.com/my-podcasts/show/reason-with-science/407cd478-4271-4319-8318-fc378d4e7ccb/episode/evolutionary-aspects-of-ageing-%7C-steven-austad-%7C-reason-with-science-%7C-lifespan-%7C-human-health/c45d0d4e-0054-4519-8697-22e4a8649162 Google podcast: https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy9iMjMyNDZlOC9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw/episode/NmE1M2MzMDMtODMyYy00MjNkLTg2YTctNDI3ZGQzZTk2NTc2?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwiYsL_O56CBAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQLA Follow Reason with Science: Website: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.reasonwithscience.com/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Youtube: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/channel/reasonwithscience⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Spotify: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Apple podcast: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894 ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Google podcast:⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy9iMjMyNDZlOC9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw Timestamps: 00:00:00 Introduction 00:01:08 How did you decide to work on ageing? 00:03:21 Why some species age faster than others? 00:03:56 Evolutionary perspective of ageing 00:05:42 What is ageing? 00:06:13 Challenges in studying ageing 00:09:49 What is longevity and longevity quotient? 00:12:18 How does flight affects ageing? 00:17:21 Correlation between habitat of animals and their lifespan 00:19:07 Factors affecting lifespan of animals in the wild or in captivity 00:20:59 Importance of regeneration for the survival 00:22:58 Flight independently evolved four times 00:25:55 Temperature dependent change of sex 00:27:10 Wisdom- the oldest confirmed wild bird 00:28:58 What are the challenges to get the age of an animal correctly? 00:37:12 Relationship between size of the animal and longevity 00:40:42 Vampire bats 00:41:41 Lifespan of naked mole rats 00:44:31 Impact of high altitude on human health 00:46:37 Lifespan of hummingbirds 00:49:22 Lessons for human longevity from evolutionary biology 00:56:04 Steven's work on Restrictive eating 01:02:04 It is important to couple restrictive eating with weight training 01:04:40 Comment on diets 01:06:58 There are no biomarkers for ageing 01:08:27 When can we have a good consensus on healthy lifestyle? 01:10:10 Life at the age of 77 01:11:28 Ethical implications of increasing human lifespan 01:13:53 Thank you More on Reason with Science: 1) The evolutionary origins of a good society | Nicholas Christakis | Reason with Science | Psychology (   • The evolutionary origins of a good so...  ) 2) Food for your health | Dr. Robert Lustig | Reason with Science | Sugar | Diets | Healthy Lifestyle (   • Food for your health | Dr. Robert Lus...  )

This episode is with Enrico Coen. He is a plant biologist and geneticist at John Innes Centre. Enrico's work has focused on unraveling the intricate genetic and molecular mechanisms that govern the formation and growth of plants. He is the author of two books, namely, 'Cells to civilizations' and 'Art of genes'. In this conversation we talk about major transitions in biology, emergence of complexity, evolution of life, drivers of evolution, evolution of brains, Intelligence and science. Guest info: Website: https://www.jic.ac.uk/people/enrico-coen/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/InnerWorlds1 Amazon: https://www.amazon.co.uk/stores/Enrico-Coen/author/B001HCV4C8?ref=ap_rdr&store_ref=ap_rdr&isDramIntegrated=true&shoppingPortalEnabled=true Episode links: Website: https://www.reasonwithscience.com/home/cells-to-civilizations-with-enrico-coen Youtube: https://youtu.be/_20Tko5_Xho?si=RiEHhpaOlgaBGjil Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/13MfRZ6EGFPW05osKeWUfW?si=QT-HPrXXR5OiCwHM07AxiQ Apple podcast: https://podcastsconnect.apple.com/my-podcasts/show/reason-with-science/407cd478-4271-4319-8318-fc378d4e7ccb/episode/cells-to-civilizations-with-enrico-coen-%7C-reason-with-science-%7C-evolution-%7C-science-%7C-culture/c2fa8dec-cefa-4b2a-9498-56d67e12b08c Google podcast: https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy9iMjMyNDZlOC9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw/episode/ZjQ1Y2FlNWEtNWJiZS00MGVmLWJkZGMtOWM2ZGZiZjBjMjVh?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwjI1ZGbl5CBAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQLA Follow Reason with Science: Website: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.reasonwithscience.com/⁠⁠⁠⁠ Youtube: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/channel/reasonwithscience⁠⁠⁠⁠ Spotify: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh⁠⁠⁠⁠ Apple podcast: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894 ⁠⁠⁠⁠ Google podcast:⁠⁠⁠⁠ https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy9iMjMyNDZlOC9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw Timestamps: 00:00:00 Introduction  00:01:04 Major transformations of life  00:14:12 What is science and how it works?  00:16:22 Can science help us to study fundamental nature of reality?  00:30:07 Do we need an absolutist view of science?  00:37:14 What are the commonalities between evolution, development, culture and learning?  00:44:32 Role of parasites in the evolution of life  00:47:49 Survival of the fittest  00:53:07 Natural selection at the level of replicators  00:58:46 Level at which evolution works (genes or cells)  01:09:47 Concept of memes  01:16:00 Why religion has been successful?  01:25:45 Crucial elements of scientific method  01:32:50 Importance of self-doubt  01:36:10 Covid-19 pandemic and science  01:40:00 Science and art  01:48:09 Future writing  01:50:12 Thank you!

In this conversation, John Bargh, a Yale social psychologist known for his insights into the unconscious mind, discusses how subtle cues shape our behaviors and decisions. He highlights the powerful effects of priming and automaticity, revealing our unconscious biases and the possibility of retraining them. The dialogue explores the evolution of consciousness, the interplay between conscious and unconscious influences, and how sensory experiences impact social judgments. Listeners will be intrigued by the complexities of human behavior and the implications for our daily lives.

This episode is with Michael Russell. He is geologist who works on the origin of life. Mike is an originator of the theory that life emerged at alkaline submarine hydrothermal vents. In this conversation we talk about topics related to origin of life, hydrothermal vents, alien life, artificial life, and are there new life forms emerging now? Guest info: Website: https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/nai/directory/russell-michael/ Episode links: Website: https://www.reasonwithscience.com/home/life-origins-at-hydrothermal-vents-with-michael-russell Youtube: https://youtu.be/CtKMl5Gr5JY Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/3xyGOMu6CNOfbIknRhFis3?si=LqPekasnTv6mUo6e8AAGkA Apple podcast: https://podcastsconnect.apple.com/my-podcasts/show/reason-with-science/407cd478-4271-4319-8318-fc378d4e7ccb/episode/life-origins-at-hydrothermal-vents-|-michael-russell-|-reason-with-science-|-geology-|-chemistry/a651d6d1-2124-46e7-b83d-c1a2918dfceb Google podcast: https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy9iMjMyNDZlOC9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw/episode/ZjU3MjQ0MTctYWJkZC00ODExLWEzOTAtZDUwM2UzMDVkMGUz?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwjggpygouH_AhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQLA Follow Reason with Science: Website: ⁠⁠https://www.reasonwithscience.com/⁠⁠ Youtube: ⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/channel/reasonwithscience⁠⁠ Spotify: ⁠⁠https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh⁠⁠ Apple podcast: ⁠⁠https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894 ⁠⁠ Google podcast:⁠⁠ https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy9iMjMyNDZlOC9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw ⁠⁠ Timestamps: 00:00:00 Introduction 00:00:49 What are the most interesting aspects of life? 00:04:02 Beginning of space-time 00:08:42 Dawn of chemistry 00:11:47 Progress in science 00:16:37 Discovery of hydrothermal vents for emergence of life 00:28:12 How the submarine alkaline vents were discovered? 00:37:06 Early earth conditions for the origin of life 00:44:22 Major issues to explain orgin of life 00:49:45 Composition of green rust 00:52:07 Disagreement on engines of hydrothermal vents 00:54:15 Can we link origin of metabolism at hydrothermal vents with the information? 00:56:22 Next step after origin of metabolism 00:59:22 Membranes and viruses 01:02:34 Did protocells escape hydrothermal vents? 01:08:47 Did LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor) evolve in hydrothermal vents? 01:18:56 Creating an artificial hydrothermal vents 01:29:00 Thank you!

This episode is with Lee Cronin. He is the Regius Chair of Chemistry in the School of Chemistry at the University of Glasgow. He and his team are trying to make artificial life forms, find alien life, explore the digitization of chemistry, understand how information can be encoded into chemicals and construct chemical computers. In this conversation we talk about topics related to origin of life, framework to build life from inorganic material, assembly theory, Darwinian evolution, and alien life. Guest info: Website: https://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/cronin/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/leecronin?s=20 Episode links: Website: https://www.reasonwithscience.com/home/building-life-from-chemistry-with-lee-cronin Youtube: https://youtu.be/IrTp7uu8le0 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/02qVFLcY6AF7HWvCJqHqZe?si=gDcdgmjbSAy93Pne9rcWcw Apple podcast: https://podcastsconnect.apple.com/my-podcasts/show/reason-with-science/407cd478-4271-4319-8318-fc378d4e7ccb/episode/building-life-from-chemistry-|-lee-cronin-|-reason-with-science-|-artificial-life-|-origin-of-life/9ed704ca-7836-4a52-a3a3-b894f537ff4a Google podcast: https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy9iMjMyNDZlOC9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw/episode/MmJhZDViOTUtZWZjMS00NjY0LTlmZDYtZmM2ZTdiNTRlNmVl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwjA1ZHF27v_AhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQLA Follow Reason with Science: Website: ⁠https://www.reasonwithscience.com/⁠ Youtube: ⁠https://www.youtube.com/channel/reasonwithscience⁠ Spotify: ⁠https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh⁠ Apple podcast: ⁠https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894 ⁠ Google podcast:⁠ https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy9iMjMyNDZlOC9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw ⁠ Timestamps: 00:00:00 Introduction 00:00:59 Lee's point of view of origin of life research 00:02:24 Are there different scales in chemistry of origin of life? 00:04:01 Framework to build life 00:06:57 Theory of life 00:12:06 Can darwinian evolution works beyond at the chemical level? 00:15:59 Fundamental level of selection 00:22:04 Memories of compounds 00:22:42 Assembly theory 00:24:51 Multiverse 00:28:05 Why haven't we managed to build life so far? 00:31:33 How to use automation to build life? 00:36:33 What is essence of life? 00:39:03 Why do we have life only on earth in our solar system? 00:39:33 Experiment to build life 00:40:33 What will be the information of artificial life? 00:41:19 Chemputer 00:44:38 3D printing life forms 00:49:07 How to identify alien life? 00:50:22 Explanation of assembly theory 00:54:22 How to differentiate alien organic or inorganic matter? 00:58:12 Selection at artificial cells 01:02:45 Thank you!

This episode is with Robert Aumann (94 years old now). He is widely regarded as one of the most influential thinkers in game theory and decision theory. His exceptional work has not only reshaped the way we understand strategic decision-making and cooperation but has also garnered him numerous accolades. In 2005, Aumann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his pioneering work in game theory and its applications. His groundbreaking insights have not only advanced our theoretical understanding of strategic decision-making but also have practical implications in various fields, such as negotiations, conflict resolution, and the design of market mechanisms. In this conversation we talk about the topics related to his scientific journey including game theory to study the conflict and cooperation, Nash equilibrium, Aumann Agreement Theorem, Knot theory, rationality, and future directions of game theory. Guest info: Website: https://mathematics.huji.ac.il/people/robert-j-aumann Episode links: Website: https://www.reasonwithscience.com/home/behavioral-economics-and-game-theory-with-robert-aumann Youtube: https://youtu.be/l6AK1RlNPSo Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/6hKAlf7GqPwhtkrNLaPU9I?si=55G-9LCwS-qn5ecZvPQ6DQ Apple podcast: https://podcastsconnect.apple.com/my-podcasts/show/reason-with-science/407cd478-4271-4319-8318-fc378d4e7ccb/episode/behavioral-economics-and-game-theory-|-robert-aumann-|-reason-with-science-|-nobel-laureate-|-psychology/b975ea0c-2501-448a-8bd3-ea58628da534 Google podcast: https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy9iMjMyNDZlOC9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw/episode/NjRmN2RlMTEtYWY1NS00ZGNmLTkwNzgtMGE3ZmJkMDY3YzZl?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwiQ5IGWuKn_AhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQLA Follow Reason with Science: Website: https://www.reasonwithscience.com/ Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/reasonwithscience Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894 Google podcast: https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy9iMjMyNDZlOC9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw Timestamps: 00:00:00 Introduction 00:01:07 Interest in mathematics and economics 00:12:34 What is game theory? 00:16:35 War is an example of a game 00:17:30 Zero sum game 00:18:33 Politics is also a game 00:19:05 Contributions of John Nash to game theory 00:28:35 Examples of game theory regarding economics 00:47:00 Concept of common knowledge 00:58:30 Agreement theorem 01:04:25 Bayesianism and agreement theorem 01:05:42 Importance of education 01:13:48 Rationality 01:22:55 Kahneman and Tversky's work 01:25:30 Wars are rational 01:43:40 Life at the age of 93! 01:44:30 Thank you

This episode is with Denis Noble. He is a renowned biologist, physiologist, and systems theorist, known for his pioneering research in the fields of cardiac physiology and systems biology. Noble's early work on the electrical activity of the heart was centered on this topic, and he was the first to put forth the notion of the cardiac action potential, which is now generally recognized in the field. He has also contributed significantly to our understanding of cardiac arrhythmias, irregular heart rhythms that can cause serious health concerns. In addition to his work in cardiac physiology, Noble has been a critical player in the development of systems biology, which aims to comprehend complex biological systems by integrating data from different sources. He has also been a vocal proponent of using mathematical and computational approaches in biology, and his work has contributed to developing a new paradigm for biological research. In this conversation we talk about the topics related to evolution, including Neo-Darwinism, the role of DNA as information, the use of genes as templates for evolution, the emerging field of epigenetics, the significance of bioelectricity, and potential future directions for evolutionary research. Guest info: Website: https://www.dpag.ox.ac.uk/team/denis-noble Google scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=J6kLmsIAAAAJ&hl=en Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/Books-Denis-Noble/s?rh=n%3A283155%2Cp_27%3ADenis+Noble Episode links: Website: https://www.reasonwithscience.com/home/what-drives-evolution-with-denis-noble Youtube: https://youtu.be/V09fJ38Qt6E Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/5DtKdllyvzMtNxMc3hS4cI?si=grH2uw6ySNmMMa-Uq6pv_g Apple podcast: https://podcastsconnect.apple.com/my-podcasts/show/reason-with-science/407cd478-4271-4319-8318-fc378d4e7ccb/episode/what-drives-evolution-|-denis-noble-|-reason-with-science-|-darwin-|-selfish-genes-|-richard-dawkins/714742fe-f764-44f6-ac50-bb4e52dabd1f Google podcast: https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy9iMjMyNDZlOC9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw/episode/N2QwMGUwY2ItMWU0NC00N2FlLWE0YjgtMTM1MGE3N2UzMmFj?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwjAwbSUgfb-AhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQLA Follow Reason with Science: Website: https://www.reasonwithscience.com/ Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/reasonwithscience Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894 Google podcast: https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy9iMjMyNDZlOC9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw Timestamps: 00:00:00 Introduction 00:00:58 DNA as the information in biological systems 00:20:30 What drives evolution? 01:00:49 Horizontal gene transfer 01:05:03 What is an organism? 01:23:08 Importance of metaphors 01:31:00 What is a gene? 01:31:57 Evolution of species 01:39:03 Artificial life 01:41:04 Thank you!