Bhagavad Gita | The Essence of Vedanta

-7th chapter: verses 16, 17, 18, 19-The lecture was given by Swami Tattwamayananda on February 26, 2020.-16th verse: “People endowed with sattva-guna are of four types. (1) Those who take to spiritual life due to distress (2) those who are aspirants of knowledge (3) Those who want wealth (4) Those who are Jnani (wise). “-17th verse: “Of all these four groups, the highest one is the Jnani. He combines in his life Yoga, Bhakti and Jnanam. I am supremely dear to him, and he is supremely dear to Me.”-We are all spiritual seekers. We may initially start with prayers for material benefits. When these prayers are answered, our conviction becomes deeper and takes us to higher levels of spiritual experience.-Of all spiritual seekers, the highest is the one who has come closest to the realization that everything is an expression of the Divine Reality.-Swami Vivekananda said: “We are not traveling from error to truth. Rather, we are traveling from truth that is lower, to truth that is higher.” We travel from dualism to qualified non-dualism to non-dualism.-Non-dualism was preached by Shankaracharya in 8th century AD. Ramanuja came around 250 years later and preached qualified non-dualism. Madhvacharya came later and preached dualism.-Under non-dualism, there is one transcendental reality that is immanent, attribute-less, formless and eternal. Everything else is relative.-Under qualified non-dualism, God is the totality of all noble qualities that we can conceive of. He is present in everything, but everything is distinct from God.-Under dualism, God, Jagat (world) and living beings are all different and distinct from each other.-Shankaracharya says that at the highest experience level – highest knowledge and highest devotion are the same. As means, they are different. As a goal, they are the same.-Only the most compassionate and broad-minded people, who are free from fanaticism, who look upon everyone as God’s children – are dear to God.-18th verse: “All of them are noble. But the Jnani is the one who looks upon himself as non-distinct from Me.”-Swami Vivekananda pointed out the benefits of looking upon ourselves as non-different from God. Then we consider it as our duty to manifest the divinity within, which expresses itself as compassion and joy. It provides a remedy from fanaticism.-Everyone who has begun his spiritual journey will one day reach the top of the hill and become a Jnani.-19th verse: “The highest stage in spiritual evolution is to see everything as an expression of Vasudeva.”-At the highest stage, we feel God’s presence in all our interactions - even when we are not in the temple or not reading a holy book. For the Jnani, every thought, word and deed becomes divine.-To reach this highest stage, we may have to take many births. We have to accumulate enough positive samskaras through spiritual practices. One day, we will reach this destination.-Reading of scriptures and association with holy people remove obstacles towards the highest realization. They drive away undesirable thought currents and make positive samskaras more dominant in our mind.

-7th chapter: verses 14, 15, 16. 16th chapter: verses 1, 2, 3, 4-The lecture was given by Swami Tattwamayananda on February 19, 2020.-14th verse: “Those who take the help of Vidya-maya, they eventually transcend Maya.”-Brahman is the only Absolute Reality. Vedanta defines something as real if (1) it remains without change in the past, present and future (2) It is beyond time, space and causation and (3) it remains without change in waking, dream and deep sleep states.-The world we live in is a relative reality. It is not absolutely real, but it is not absolutely unreal either.-The relativity of the relative world is understood only when we understand the absoluteness of the absolute reality, when we realize the supreme truth. Then we understand that our experiences in this world are relative.-In a semi-dark room, we may mistake a rope to be a snake. When we bring light, what we formerly misunderstood to be a snake is now recognized as a rope. As a snake, it is unreal. As rope, it is real.-Similarly, a jeevan-mukta, who has transcended the relative, he continues to live in the world. To him, the world as a distinct entity does not exist. He experiences the world as non-distinct from Brahman.-In Vedanta, there are two levels. As philosophy, it is at the level of duality. As experience, it is non-dual. Brahma Satyam Jagat Mithya is only an approach to the highest reality from a philosophical level. At the highest experience level, it is Brahma Satyam Jagat Satyam. To reach this highest experience level, we have to meditate on the absoluteness of Brahman, and the relativity of the world.-Advaita, as an experience, is silent. Advaitic truth can only be experienced – it cannot be explained. Scriptures only help to remove wrong notions from our mind.-In the 15th and 16th verses, Lord Krishna unfolds a unique kind of spiritual psychology illustrating that not everyone in the world is of the same type. He discusses the characteristics of people with negative traits and also of those who are spiritually inclined.-15th verse: “Those who do not devote themselves to Me, they are deluded, they commit sinful deeds and belong to the lowest human category, they have no discerning wisdom, they are caught by Maya, and they follow the path of evil-doers.”-Verse 4 of 16th chapter provides the characteristics of people with negative temperament. Their six characteristics are: ostentation, arrogance, self-conceit, anger, rudeness and ignorance. Later verses of the chapter provide 18 additional characteristics of such people.-16th verse: “People endowed with sattva-guna are of four types. (1) Those who take to spiritual life due to distress (2) those who are aspirants of knowledge (3) Those who want wealth (4) Those who are wise. Among these, the highest type are the wise ones, who understand that God is present in everything, everywhere.-Shankaracharya, in his commentary on the 16th verse, explains that the first three categories of people pursue mechanical spiritual practices. Their bhakti is apara-bhakti. The bhakti of the fourth category is the highest - their bhakti is para-bhakti.-Verses 1, 2 and 3 of the 16th chapter provide 26 characteristics of people endowed with divine wealth. Examples of such characteristics are fearlessness, purity, interest in scriptures and practice of non-violence.-A spiritual seeker should practice friendliness (Maitri) towards fellow spiritual seekers, practice compassion (Karuna) towards those who are less evolved, practice happiness (Mudita) towards those who are more evolved, and practice a filtering attitude (Upeksha) towards those who may shake his faith.-We progress in spiritual life by acquiring more and more sattvic qualities. Once we are saturated with sattva-guna, we cannot but turn to the higher reality for all our needs. Any spiritual practice that we do to develop more sattva-guna is never lost.

-7th chapter: verses 14, 15, 16-The lecture was given by Swami Tattwamayananda on February 12, 2020.-Absolute Reality is the only sat. Vedanta defines something as sat (real) if (1) it remains without change in the past, present and future (2) It is beyond time, space and causation and (3) it remains without change in waking, dream and deep sleep states.-One can look at the river in two ways. One way is to look at the momentary changes – waves, high tides, and low tides. Another is to look upon the waves and tides as constituted by the same water that constitutes the river – they emerge, exist and dissolve in the river. The river is the only reality.-Similarly, behind all everyday challenges, which come and go, there is one Absolute Reality. Every right-thinking person can experience it. Once we become aware of it, we begin to understand the mystery of life, and can remain calm in the midst of life’s challenges.-Maya is the mystery that we experience in daily life, that defies human logic and has no satisfactory answers. For example, we assign permanence to something that we know is inherently impermanent. Maya deludes us into thinking that we are this body, nothing else.-All of us experience Maya in our everyday life. It is beyond logical comprehension, cannot be explained in words or cognized with the mind, and is a great mystery. We understand the relativity of maya only when we come out of it. Describing maya within it is impossible.-Even those who read many scriptures, who teach these scriptures, who expound the highest philosophy – even such people are sometimes bound by Maya. Transcending Maya is a matter of our own evolution, when our scriptural study also defines our actions.-Even an intellectual understanding of Maya and the unreality of sense pleasures, helps us develop a unique spiritual common sense, maturity of outlook and sense of modesty.-14th verse: “Those who devote themselves to me, they transcend Maya.”-Prapatti is the highest state of a devotee of God. Prapatti means complete surrender and is composed of the following characteristics. (1) Always having a positive outlook in life, full of sattvic qualities such as serenity, wisdom, compassion, and broad mindedness. (2) Rejecting all the opposing qualities such as skepticism and self-doubt. (3) Strong faith that God will protect me. (4) Total self-surrender.-Once we transcend Maya, it cannot come back. A spiritually enlightened person, who has transcended Maya, understands momentariness of empirical situations, and won’t be affected by them.-When a magician performs magic, only the magician is real. The magic is delusion. If one concentrates on the magician, he will not be deluded by the magic. Similarly, God is the magician and real. By concentrating on Him, we won’t be deluded.-When we focus on a higher transcendental ideal, our thoughts get a spiritual orientation. It is called Vidya-maya. It liberates us. Avidya-maya binds us. The purpose of spiritual practices is to turn Avidya-maya into Vidya maya. Swami Vivekananda said: “The world is a gymnasium for us to work out our karmas”.-How our mind responds to situations depends on its constitution based on the three gunas. Sattva guna manifests itself as wisdom and serenity. Rajo guna manifests itself as dynamism and ambition. Tamo guna manifests itself as laziness and jealousy.-Sri Ramakrishna gives the example of three thieves to explain the three gunas. A person is caught by three thieves. The thief representing tamo-guna wants to kill him. The thief representing rajo-guna wants to bind him. The thief representing sattva-guna takes him to the main road and shows him the way to his home. He refrains from joining him though. Reaching home is like reaching the highest state, which is beyond all three gunas – sattva-guna can only help.-15th verse: “Those who do not devote themselves to Me, they are deluded, they commit sinful deeds and belong to the lowest human category, they have no discerning wisdom, they are caught by Maya, and they follow the path of evil-doers.”-16th verse: “People endowed with sattva-guna are of four types. (1) Those who take to spiritual life due to distress (2) those who are aspirants of knowledge (3) Those who want wealth (4) Those who are wise.-In the 15th verse, Lord Krishna explains the negative temperaments of people who have no interest in spiritual values, and which prevent them from transcending Maya. In the 16th verse, Lord Krishna explains the characteristics that prompt people towards spiritual values. These two verses should be read together.

-The lecture was given by Swami Tattwamayananda on January 29, 2021.-7th chapter: verses 11, 12, 13, 14-Lord Krishna first teaches Arjuna to evolve a sense of duty consciousness. Later he teaches him karma yoga – learning to do duty without selfish purpose. This is a matter of one’s evolution. One should first do duty with desires. As he evolves, he will learn to do the same duty without selfish desires, with a refined, healthy ego - he evolves from Sakama Karma to Nishkama Karma.-11th verse: “Of the strong, I am their strength that is devoid of desire and attachment. I am that desire in all beings, which is not opposed to Dharma.”-The strength of a great person who uses it for the good of others, the genius of a scientist or a poet or a musician who uses it for noble purposes – that transcendental touch is an expression of the divine.-12th verse: “Sattva guna, rajo guna and tamo guna – they all proceed from Me. They all exist in Me. But I am not in them.”-The Lord is the master of the three gunas. The three gunas constitute the totality of all human experiences, such as changes of mood and temperament.-13th and 14th verses discuss Maya. Lord Krishna says that those who devote themselves to Him, the Divine Reality, they are saved from the entanglement of Maya.-In life, we encounter situations that defy human logic and have no satisfactory answers. For example, good people may run into difficulties while the opposite kind may have a good time. We may help someone but end up not being in good terms with them. These unknown, unpredictable situations are the manifestations of Maya.-Sri Ramakrishna describes two types of Maya. Vidya-Maya, which creates the desire to do good deeds and liberates us. Avidya-Maya, which creates the desire to selfish deeds and binds us.-Objects in the world are not maya. Our outlook towards them determines whether we end up in vidya maya or avidya maya. A car used for selfish purposes can bind us in avidya maya. But an ambulance used for noble purposes can liberate us with vidya maya.-Maya functions at the level of three gunas. When dominated by sattva guna, it is vidya-maya. When dominated by rajo and tamo guna, it is avidya maya.-Sattva guna manifests itself as wisdom and serenity. Rajo guna manifests itself as dynamism and ambition. Tamo guna manifests itself as laziness and jealousy. It is better to have rajo guna than tamo guna, and it is better to have sattva guna than rajo guna. A person with sattva guna can be very active without selfishness and attachment, he connects with higher ideas and develops spiritual common sense.-When a magician performs magic, only the magician is real. The magic is delusion. If one concentrates on the magician, he will not be deluded by the magic. Similarly, God is the magician and real. By concentrating on Him, we won’t be deluded.-Vedanta defines something as sat (real) if (1) it remains without change in the past, present and future (2) It is beyond time, space and causation and (3) it remains without change in waking, dream and deep sleep states.-Maya is composed of two sounds: “Ma”, which negates and “Ya” which is a pronoun and refers to something real. So, it is there, but it is not really there.-Maya is not sat. It changes – therefore, it is relative. Maya is not asat either, as it is not Absolutely unreal. It is not a combination of sat and asat either. Only Brahman is sat.-Maya is anadi (without a beginning), but not ananta (it is not eternal). These aspects of maya are realized only when we go beyond maya.-Maya is neither endowed with parts nor devoid of parts, nor a combination of the two. If it were endowed with parts, it cannot be anadi. If it were devoid of parts, it cannot be the cause of evolution.-All of us experience Maya in our everyday life. It is beyond logical comprehension, cannot be explained in words or cognized with the mind, and is a great wonder.-Maya is neither subjective, nor objective, nor a combination of the two. We understand the relativity of maya only when we come out of it. Describing maya within it is impossible.-Maya operates with two powers: Avarana-shakti, which conceals the reality and Vikshepa-shakti, which projects something false.

-The lecture was given by Swami Tattwamayananda on January 22, 2021.-7th chapter: verse 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11-3rd verse: “Among thousands of people, very few strive for a spiritual life. Among those who sincerely strive for spiritual life, very few realize the truth.”-Not many people can think beyond the immediate and empirical. Even when some incidents in life make them seek a higher meaning of life, it may not last long due to the effect of Maya. Only a small percentage of people genuinely ask “what lies beyond”, and with that, they begin their spiritual life.-4th verse: “My lower prakriti – Apara prakriti or Kshetram - is eightfold. The first five are the subtle dimensions of the five elements: earth, air, water, fire and space. The remaining three are mind, intellect and egoism.”-5th verse: “My higher prakriti – para prakriti – is the principle of consciousness by which the entire universe is sustained. Everything is made conscious by the presence of this inner, divine spark.”-6th verse: “These two prakritis are the source of all. I am the origin and the dissolution of the universe.”-Creator is present in his creation. As we evolve, our understanding of God evolves from a monotheistic God to its highest state as one all-pervading reality, that is present everywhere and in everything. It is the essential totality of the whole universe – everything is an expression of this divine reality.-7th verse: “There is nothing beyond Me, and there is nothing distinct from Me. Everything in this world is strung in Me, like jewels on a thread. “-Per Shankaracharya, long threads constitute a piece of cloth. The cloth and the threads are not distinct from each other. Without the thread, there is no cloth. Similarly, the creation and creator are the same. It is not a philosophical construct, but a matter of one’s own experience.-Everything in this world is able to exist, and the essence of its existence is not distinct from this divine reality that is present everywhere. According to Satkaryavada, the cause and effect are not different – the effect pre-exists in its cause.-Everything that we experience and perceive, using our mind and the senses of perception and action – all these constitute the divine reality, which is like an ornament made of jewels strung together on a thread.-8th verse: “I am the sapidity in water, I am the radiance in the moon and sun, I am OM – the essence of the Vedas, I am the sound in akasha, I am the manliness in every man and the womanliness in every woman.”-9th verse: “I am the sweet fragrance in the earth, I am the brilliance in the fire, I am the life in all beings, and I am the austerity in the ascetics.”-10th verse: “I am the eternal seed of all beings, I am the intellect of the intelligent and heroism of the hero.”-Every entity in the world has something within it that makes it what it is, and which gives it its identity. That essence in everything is an expression of the same divine reality. The great qualities, found in everyone, which constitute the identity of that person – they are an expression of this divine reality.-Even in the greatness of the great, in an empirical sense, there hides within them the seed of their downfall. But great men, who understand the limitations of the empirical, realize that all their powers come from a higher source. That makes them spiritual.-11th verse: “Of the strong, I am their strength that is devoid of desire and attachment. I am that desire in all beings, which is not opposed to Dharma.”-True strength comes when it is devoid of pride and is enriched by a sense of renunciation and non-attachment.-Shankaracharya says in Vivekachudamani that adharmic desires bring one’s destruction. A ball thrown from the top of a staircase won’t stop until it reaches the bottom. Similarly, adharmic desires act as a poison and bring one’s destruction.-Higher, sublime desires are good and are the root of all creativity. The desire to do good for others – such a desire is a spark of the divine.

-7th chapter: verse 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-The lecture was given by Swami Tattwamayananda January 15, 2021.-Gita’s eighteen chapters are divided into three sections, each with six chapters. The first section deals with the knowledge of spiritual practice. The second section deals with the knowledge of Bhagavan. The third section deals with knowledge of Atman.-Advaitic scholars also treat the three sections as interpretation of the mahavakya: Tat Tvam Asi. First section deals with Tvam. Second section deals with Tat. Third section deals with the unity of jivatma and paramatma. It represents our evolution in understanding of God.-1st verse: “With the mind completely intent on Me, taking refuge in Me, learn from Me and know Me in full, without any doubt”-2nd verse: Lord Krishna explains Jnanam and Vijnanam. Jnanam is the knowledge of God from books. When that knowledge becomes a reality in our life, because of our own real experience (anubhuti), it is called Vijnanam. Then every thought, word and deed become sacred.-In the beginning, there is a line of demarcation between the secular and spiritual. When one progresses, eventually, one reaches a stage where this line is broken, and every secular activity becomes spiritualized. In the beginning, it is “work and worship”. Later it is “work as worship”.-Sri Ramakrishna said: A jnani reasons about the world through neti-neti. To a Vijnani, Brahman alone has become everything, and the world is a mansion of mirth. A jnani is like a person who has just heard of milk. A vijnani is like a person who has drunk the milk, enjoyed it and is nourished by it.-We cannot choose to be a vijnani – it is not a concept. It is not a matter of choice – rather a matter of where we stand right now and how we evolve. We reach vijnanam through spiritual practices and by going through the stage of jnanam.-How does a vijnani live in this world? Even at the highest stage, he falls back to the empirical level and lives like normal people. Whatever he does, it involves a spiritual element. This is seen in great spiritual teachers such as Sri Ramakrishna. Another example is of King Janaka, who lived like a rajarshi.-Rajarshi is a person who has the dual qualities of a king (Rajatvam) and a saint (Rishitvam). As a king, he has great prosperity, dynamism and efficiency. As a saint, he has a calm attitude, can see far into things, and understands the limitations and impermanence of his wealth and powers.-3rd verse: “Among thousands of people, very few strive for a spiritual life. Among those who sincerely strive for spiritual life, very few realize the truth.”-Not many people can think beyond the immediate and empirical. One of the reasons is that most people examine the value of everything by its tangible utility.-This verse is similar to one from Dhammapada, which says: “It is very difficult to get human birth. Among them, very few desire to live like a cultured human being. Among them, very few follow the law of dharma. And among them very few reach enlightenment.”-Human birth is a golden opportunity. Once we realize that there are many others who will reach the stage of human birth only after many life cycles, it should give us renewed confidence and a different perspective on life.-4th verse: “My lower prakriti – Apara prakriti or Kshetram - is eight fold. The first five are the subtle dimensions of the five elements: earth, air, water, fire and space. The remaining three are mind, intellect and egoism.”-According to Sankhya philosophy, from prakriti comes mahatattva, then ahamkara, then mind, senses, and the subtle elements.-5th verse: “My higher prakriti – para prakriti – is the principle of consciousness by which the entire universe is sustained. Everything is made conscious by the presence of this inner, divine spark.”-Creator is present in his creation. If this were not so, it would lead to dualism. In the 4th and 5th verse, Lord Krishna gives a prelude, before discussing in later verses, the unity of existence.-We can easily understand the presence of para-prakriti by the following example. If someone, who does not have a physical problem, suddenly dies, something departs the kshetram. And body/mind, that was otherwise operational, stops working. That something is the Antaryami - the immanent, divine reality.-6th verse: “These two prakritis are the source of all. I am the origin and the dissolution of the universe.”-The higher prakriti is everywhere – in the hero and the villain, in the good and the bad. Electricity is everywhere in the house, and depending on the color of the bulb, it emits light of different color. Similarly, our samskaras are like the glass of the bulb, which determine how this higher prakriti manifests. With spiritual practices, we can make it manifest in its full effulgence.

-6th chapter: verses 46, 47; 7th chapter: verse 1-The lecture was given by Swami Tattwamayananda January 8, 2021.-6th chapter, 46th verse: “This Yogi is superior to the Tapasvi (one who practices extreme asceticism), superior to the Jnani (one who is a mere scholar), and superior to the Karmi (one who follows rituals).”-Scriptures, asceticism and rituals have their place in spiritual evolution. However, a seeker should not stop there. He should go beyond. After traveling some distance, he should have genuine inquisitiveness about the higher truth – that’s when his real spiritual journey starts.-6th chapter, 47th verse: “Of all the Yogis, the one whose self and mind is always merged in God with shraddha, devotion, love and sweetness – he is the greatest.”-The attitude of bhakti (devotion) makes the spiritual journey a sweet and enjoyable experience, even in the midst of difficulties that the seeker may face. Many great mystics had to face difficulties – they were able to withstand them with the love and sweetness of their devotion.-Mumukshu is one who aspires to enter the path of Yoga. He starts his journey with Karma Yoga, surrendering the fruits of actions to God. However, such surrender is not easy and can involve effort and strain. Combining karma-yoga with devotion, the mumukshu can turn it into a sweet, enjoyable experience.-Both Narada Bhakti Sutra and Shandilya Bhakti Sutra define Bhakti as the “nature of supreme devotion to God”.-Sadhana bhakti is the means and sadhya bhakti is the goal.-Sadhana bhakti is of two types: (1) Vaidhi bhakti, where the devotee is still evolving and performs daily rituals such as prayers and reading of scriptures. (2) Gauna bhakti, which expresses itself through the three gunas, as sattvic bhakti (serene, contemplative), rajasic bhakti (externally expressive) and tamasic bhakti (crude expression of bhakti).-Sadhya bhakti is of two types: (1) Prema bhakti, where the devotee doesn’t feel any strain. Devotion for him is a sweet, enjoyable experience – he transcends time, effort and strain. (2) Para bhakti, where the devotee feels total identification with God.-If prema bhakti can be brought to everyday activities, where we can do our work as an offering to God, then that work becomes a means for us to enjoy inner serenity, and to achieve freedom from strain.-In the 47th verse, Lord Krishna says that the highest devotee is one who is devoted to God in the most exalted sense of the term - who has reached sadhya bhakti, prema bhakti and para bhakti – where life itself becomes an occasion for celebration, every moment becomes enjoyable, and every thought, word, and deed becomes spiritualized.-7th chapter, 1st verse: “With the mind completely intent on Me, taking refuge in Me, learn from Me and know Me in full, without any doubt”-“Me” in this verse refers to Brahman in Advaitic tradition - not just one deity, but God as understood and conceived by different traditions. Gita says that irrespective of what path one follows, it leads to the same destination, that is prescribed in Gita itself. Rig Veda says: “Reality is one; sages call it by different names.”-Gita’s eighteen chapters are divided into three sections. In the first section, Jnanam means knowledge of spiritual practice. In the second section, Jnanam means the knowledge of Bhagavan. In the third section, Jnanam means Atman.-A devotee should see the world as a manifestation of God’s magnificence. With this attitude, he will evolve and ultimately reach a point, where he understands that the world is relative – he will evolve from duality to non-duality.-In modern times, it is best to practice karma-yoga, but with a spiritual ideal in mind. It is difficult to practice any of the three yogas – karma yoga, bhakti yoga, jnana yoga – in isolation. They have to be combined. A karma yogi cannot escape being a devotee of a higher ideal.

-The lecture was given by Swami Tattwamayananda on December 18, 2020.-6th chapter: verses 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46-In the 37th, 38th and 39th verse, Arjuna asks: “Suppose a person is endowed with shraddha and is making an earnest effort to control his mind. Yet, he fails to attain perfection. What happens to such a person? Has he totally failed and fallen from both worlds – having neither attained anything in the secular world nor in the spiritual realm? I have this doubt, which you should dispel.”-In normal activities, we may see tangible results soon after the activity. In spiritual life, there are results, but the results may not be in visible form all the time. These results are Adhrishtam (not visible) and Apoorvam (did not exist before the activity). These results are never lost.-In answer to Arjuna’s questions, Lord Krishna discusses three categories of people in the next few verses. At the lowest level is Vimudha –one who is highly confused and deluded. At the next level is ārurukṣhoḥ - one desirous of entering the path of Yoga. At the advanced level is ārūḍha – one who has entered the path of spiritual life.-Vimudha will be born in a family where, at different stages of his life, his past samskaras start unfolding. Arurukṣhoḥ will be born in a pure and prosperous family, where his parents are spiritually oriented, and where his unfulfilled desires can be fulfilled. Arūḍha will be born in a family that has a tradition of producing great spiritual aspirants.-Pedigree is not a criterion for rebirth. One of the greatest devotees, Prahlada, was born to a demon, Hiranyakashipu.-44th verse: “The spiritual disciplines and samskaras from previous lives – they constitute the momentum that moves the seeker forward. With a sincere enquiry for higher truth (jijñāsuḥ), he begins his spiritual journey, and is superior to one who mechanically practices rituals.”-The stories of Ajamila and Jada Bharata show how our inherited samskaras are never lost, and how the force of our past samskaras helplessly push us towards spiritual life.-Ajamila initially led a spiritual life but had a deviation later. His son’s name was Narayana, synonym of Lord Vishnu. At the last moment, when he uttered Narayana to call his son, his mind went towards Lord Vishnu and he attained liberation.-King Bharata retired to a hermitage for spiritual practices but developed strong attachment towards a baby deer. He was born as a deer in his next life, but under the effect of his samskaras, he stayed near a hermitage. In his next life, he was born as a great saint - Jada Bharata - always established in his identity with Atman.-45th verse: “This Yogi who strives with great tenacity, becomes completely purified, is perfected through his evolution across many life cycles, and eventually reaches the highest goal.”-46th verse: “This Yogi is superior to the Tapasvi (one who practices extreme asceticism), superior to the Jnani (one who is a mere scholar), and superior to the Karmi (one who follows rituals).”-Per Shankaracharya, mere scholarship and intellectual understanding leads to chitta-bhrama-karanam (mental confusion). It is not spiritual wisdom, which gives inner tranquility. A Yogi is superior, because he has attained spiritual wisdom.-Asceticism is of three types: (1) physical, such as external purity (2) Verbal, such as truthfulness (3) Mental, such as self-restraint. A yogi is superior, because he has attained all three of these qualities.-Rituals can bind us and hinder further progress. A Yogi has transcended rituals, and is, therefore, superior.-Scriptures, asceticism and rituals have their place in spiritual evolution. However, a seeker should not stop there. He should go beyond. After traveling some distance, he should have genuine inquisitiveness about the higher truth – that’s when his real spiritual journey starts.-Mind does not cooperate due to the storehouse of negative samskaras. To turn the mind into a friend, one should develop a surplus of positive samskaras by doing noble deeds, reading of scriptures and through holy association.-If a seeker has mumukshutvam (desire for spiritual liberation), then other qualifications, such as holy association, come naturally.

The lecture was given by Swami Tattwamayananda on December 11, 2020.-6th chapter: verses 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44-In the 37th, 38th and 39th verse, Arjuna asks: “Suppose a person is endowed with shraddha and is making an earnest effort to control his mind. Yet, he fails to attain perfection. What happens to such a person? Has he totally failed and fallen from both worlds – having neither attained anything in the secular world nor in the spiritual realm? I have this doubt, which you should dispel.”-Shankaracharya says that a seeker with shraddha, who has not yet attained the ultimate goal, may have a deviation from his spiritual ideal – this is called Yoga-bhrashta.-When we come in contact with sensory objects that can take us away from our spiritual path, we should withdraw our senses from these objects. We should do so by thinking about the dangers of succumbing to such temptation (dosha-drishti) – we should do so again and again.-The faculty to detect such temptation and withdraw from – it grows when we feed our mind with higher spiritual ideas and associate with holy people. Then, we develop an inner self-correcting mechanism.-Lord Krishna answers in the 40th verse: “Even if you had a deviation, do not worry. You will not lose anything. Your spiritual samskaras are like a fixed deposit that no one can take away from you – it is yours forever. Even if you want a material life, you will be forced to continue your spiritual journey – you will be helpless because of the power of your accumulated spiritual samskaras.”-What happens to a Yoga-bhrashta? Lord Krishna answers this question from two different perspectives in the 41st and 42nd verse. 41st verse discusses a seeker who has not achieved Shama (self-restraint), and 42nd verse discusses a more advanced spiritual seeker.-41st verse: “If a devotee has practiced spiritual disciplines in this life but has not achieved shama - and he has a deviation towards the end - he will be able to continue his spiritual journey by being born in a pure and prosperous family, where his parents are spiritually oriented, and where his unfulfilled desires can be fulfilled.”-42nd verse: “Those who are more advanced are born in families that have a tradition of producing great spiritual aspirants. Such a birth is rare indeed.”-In both 41st and 42nd verse, Lord Krishna’s main message is: “Nothing is lost, and you are never late. You can begin your journey right now.” We can start by praying or by doing noble deeds that give us inner tranquility and enrichment.-Pedigree is not a criterion for rebirth. One of the greatest devotees, Prahlada, was born to a demon, Hiranyakashipu.-43rd verse: “That mind and impressions inherited from previous spiritual life – you connect with those tendencies. You continue your spiritual journey. You strive for your spiritual life more vigorously. Because of the latent memory of striving hard in previous life, you desire not to fail in this life.”-The 43rd verse explains the mystery of how our samskaras transmigrate. At death, even though our senses of perception and action are gone, the tendencies that they created are stored in the Antahkarana (mind, intellect, memory and ego). These stored tendencies in the Antahkarana are never lost and are born again.-Per Shankaracharya, at re-birth, if good tendencies are dominant, they begin to manifest without delay. If bad tendencies are dominant, then the good tendencies lie dormant for some time and assert themselves after the negative tendencies are extinguished.-44th verse: “The spiritual disciplines and samskaras from previous life – they constitute the momentum that moves the seeker forward. Those who even have a wish to lead a spiritual life, they will reach their destination.”-When we transcend rituals for material prosperity and start praying for higher things, we start our journey towards the highest spiritual destination.-Some scriptures say: “what we think of at the last moment, that we become in the next birth”. When we breathe our last, we will have a collection of conflicting thoughts. These thoughts are determined by our collective life as a whole. We can have a good thought at the last moment by building a storehouse of positive samskaras that will assert themselves at the last moment.

The lecture was given by Swami Tattwamayananda on December 4, 2020.-6th chapter: 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41-Spiritual life is our ideal. We have to restrain the thought currents in the mind by feeding it with positive ideas. However, the mind is called Vikshipta-manah, always wavering like a pendulum.-Vyasa classifies the human mind into five categories: (1) Kshipta (scattered) (2) Mudha (dull) (3) Vikshipta (partially focused) (4) Ekagra (one-pointed) (5) Niruddha (fully focused). The mind of a normal person is in Vikshipta state.-Spiritual life is about coming face to face with our own mind. When we try to turn the mind away from the pulls of nature, the mind revolts.-In the 35th verse, Lord Krishna says to Arjuna: “You are right that the mind is restless and difficult to control. Yet, it can be controlled through constant practice and through renunciation.”-When we develop a sense of renunciation towards what is harmful to the mind, and we practice disciplines that feed the mind with positive food, then the mind becomes calm and quiet.-We should slowly withdraw the mind from conflicting thought currents by directing it towards positive channels. The existing storehouse of negative samskaras has to be nullified with a new storehouse of positive samskaras. Positive samskaras are generated by reading of scriptures and through holy associations.-Spiritual growth is achieved by constant practice and by one’s own self effort. When we are hungry, we have to eat to get rid of the hunger. Similarly, our own effort is crucial for progress in spiritual life. Through practice, one gets uncommon power of mind.-36th verse: “Yoga is very hard to attain by someone whose mind is not in his control.”-We should always keep in our mind a spiritual ideal. In the midst of our secular activities, we should recollect our spiritual ideal again and again.-In the 37th verse, Arjuna asks: “Suppose a person is endowed with shraddha and is making an earnest effort to control his mind. Yet, his mind wanders about, he feels he has not progressed enough, and he fails to attain perfection. What happens to such a person?”-If a spiritual seeker feels that he is not making progress, it actually shows that he is making progress. Without making progress, he would not feel such dis-satisfaction. At the same time, it means that he has not made enough progress.-When a person starts his spiritual practices with shraddha - - it is like boarding a train that is bound to reach its destination.-The person referred to in Arjuna’s question is an ārurukṣhoḥ - a spiritual seeker who is still evolving. He has not reached the Yoga-ārūḍha state, where he experiences identity with the Atman. He could also be a karma-yogi, who has not achieved contentment.-38th verse: Arjuna continues his question: “Has he totally failed and fallen from both worlds – having neither attained anything in the secular world nor in the spiritual realm?”-Per Shankaracharya, a spiritual seeker may find himself in a stage where he continues to earnestly pray, do karma-yoga, meditate - and yet does not feel inner contentment. At the same time, he sees others enjoying the world around him. This is a state that every sincere spiritual seeker has to go through.-Shankaracharya also says that a seeker with shraddha, who has not yet attained the ultimate goal, may have a deviation from his spiritual ideal – this is called Yoga-bhrashta. His past samskaras may assert themselves as one of the following obstacles to deviate him from his spiritual path - Disease, mental laziness, doubt, lack of interest, sloth, clinging to sense pleasures, false perception, lack of concentration, and unsteadiness in concentration.-There are many examples of seekers who led an intense spiritual life, then had Yoga-Bhrashta in their last life and died. In their new life, at some point, the old positive samskaras assert themselves and lead to a mysterious spiritual transformation in their life.-Lord Krishna explains later in the 40th and 41st verses: “Even if you had a deviation, do not worry. You will not lose anything. Your spiritual samskaras are like a fixed deposit that no one can take away from you – it is yours forever. Even if you want a material life, you will be forced to continue your spiritual journey.”-Time is only an imagination. Birth and death are a continuous process. Everyone is born again based on accumulated samskaras.-Lord Krishna explains further in the 41st verse: “If a devotee has practiced spiritual disciplines in this life but has a deviation towards the end, he will be able to continue his spiritual journey by being born in a family where his parents are spiritually oriented, and where his unfulfilled desires can be fulfilled.”