SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 31The Astronomy, Space and Science News PodcastBeaches on Mars, Water's Early Emergence in the Universe, and Voyager's Power ConservationIn this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the groundbreaking confirmation by China's Zhurong Mars rover, which has revealed that ancient ocean beaches once graced Mars' northern hemisphere. Using advanced ground-penetrating radar, scientists have discovered sedimentary structures resembling Earth's coastal deposits, suggesting that the Red Planet once harbored a significant body of water, potentially creating habitable environments for microbial life.Water's Early Role in the UniverseWe also discuss a new study indicating that water may have formed in the universe much earlier than previously thought, just 100 to 200 million years after the Big Bang. This discovery suggests that habitable planets could have begun forming before the first galaxies, with primordial supernovae playing a crucial role in producing the necessary oxygen for water molecules.Navigating Voyager's FutureAdditionally, we cover NASA's difficult decision to turn off several scientific instruments aboard the Voyager spacecraft to conserve energy and extend their missions. With Voyager 1 and 2 now over 23 and 19 light hours away from Earth, respectively, these measures are essential to prolonging the iconic spacecraft's ability to collect unique data from interstellar space.00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 31 for broadcast on 12 March 202500:49 Confirmation of ancient beaches on Mars06:30 Implications for Martian habitability12:15 Water's early emergence in the universe18:00 Role of supernovae in water formation22:45 Voyager spacecraft power conservation efforts27:00 Overview of the latest scientific studies30:15 Discussion on gender differences in romantic relationshipswww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn. Enjoy incredible discounts and bonuses! Plus, it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌Check out our newest sponsor - Old Glory - Iconic Music and Sports Merch and now with official NASA merchandise. Well worth checking out...Become a supporter of this Podcast for as little as $3 per month and access commercial-free episodes plus bonuses: https://www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com/about✍️ Episode ReferencesNASAhttps://www.nasa.govProceedings of the National Academy of Scienceshttps://www.pnas.org/Nature Astronomyhttps://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 30The Astronomy, Space and Science News PodcastEarth's Jessica Cycles, Starship's Latest Failure, and Lunar Landings in TroubleIn this episode of SpaceTime, we explore a groundbreaking discovery linking Earth's ice age cycles to its orbital shifts. Recent research indicates a predictable pattern for glacial and interglacial periods, suggesting the onset of the next ice age could occur in approximately 10,000 years. This insight stems from a million-year climate record that matches changes in Earth's orbit with significant climate shifts.Starship's Crash and BurnWe also discuss the latest mishap involving SpaceX's Starship, which experienced a dramatic failure just seconds before achieving orbit. The test flight ended in a spectacular explosion over the Caribbean, prompting multiple investigations into the incident. This marks the second consecutive failure for SpaceX's ambitious rocket program, raising concerns about its future, particularly in relation to NASA's Artemis lunar missions.New Developments on the MoonAdditionally, we report on the recent successful landing of Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost lander on the lunar surface, marking a milestone in commercial lunar exploration. However, not all lunar missions are faring well, as Intuitive Machines' IM2 lander appears to have landed on its side, echoing past failures. Meanwhile, NASA's Lunar Trailblazer has lost communication, raising further concerns about its operational status.00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 30 for broadcast on 10 March 202500:49 Linking Earth's ice age cycles to orbital shifts06:30 Predicting the next ice age12:15 Overview of SpaceX's Starship crash18:00 Implications for NASA's Artemis program22:45 Successful landing of Blue Ghost on the Moon27:00 Challenges faced by IM2 and Lunar Trailblazer missions30:15 Study on vaping and smoking cessationwww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn. Enjoy incredible discounts and bonuses! Plus, it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌Check out our newest sponsor - Old Glory - Iconic Music and Sports Merch and now with official NASA merchandise. Well worth checking out...Become a supporter of this Podcast for as little as $3 per month and access commercial-free episodes plus bonuses: https://www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com/about✍️ Episode ReferencesNASAhttps://www.nasa.govJournal of the American Medical Associationhttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaSciencehttps://www.sciencemag.org/Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 29The Astronomy, Space and Science News PodcastExploring Callisto's Ocean Potential, Laser Fossil Detection on Mars, and ISS Cleanliness ConcernsIn this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into exciting new research suggesting that Jupiter's moon Callisto may harbor a subsurface ocean, potentially making it another ocean world in our solar system. This revelation builds on data from NASA's Galileo spacecraft, which hinted at the presence of a salty liquid water ocean beneath Callisto's icy crust. Advanced modeling techniques have strengthened these claims, setting the stage for further exploration by NASA's Europa Clipper and ESA's Juice missions.Lasers on Mars: Searching for Ancient LifeWe also discuss innovative research that proposes using lasers to identify ancient microbial fossils on Mars. Scientists have successfully detected microbial fossils in gypsum on Earth, raising hopes that similar techniques could uncover evidence of past life on the Red Planet. The findings suggest that gypsum deposits on Mars could conceal traces of ancient life, preserved in mineral formations that formed when water evaporated billions of years ago.Health Implications of Sterility on the ISSAdditionally, we explore a new study indicating that the overly sterile environment of the International Space Station may be negatively impacting astronaut health. The research suggests that introducing a diverse range of microbes could potentially alleviate immune dysfunction and other health issues experienced by crew members during long missions in space.00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 29 for broadcast on 7 March 202500:49 New findings on Callisto's potential subsurface ocean06:30 Implications for future missions to Jupiter's moons12:15 Using lasers to detect ancient life on Mars18:00 Analysis of gypsum deposits and their significance22:45 Concerns regarding ISS cleanliness and astronaut health27:00 Overview of March's night sky and celestial events30:15 Celebrating PI Day and its significance in astronomywww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn. Enjoy incredible discounts and bonuses! Plus, it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌Check out our newest sponsor - Old Glory - Iconic Music and Sports Merch and now with official NASA merchandise. Well worth checking out...Become a supporter of this Podcast for as little as $3 per month and access commercial-free episodes plus bonuses: https://www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com/about✍️ Episode ReferencesNASAhttps://www.nasa.govAGU Advanceshttps://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/23335784Cellhttps://www.cell.com/Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Scienceshttps://www.frontiersin.org/journals/astronomy-and-space-sciencesBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

The Astronomy, Space and Science News PodcastEarth's Climate Shaped by Orion, New Insights into Mars' Red Color, and NASA's Europa Clipper Mission UpdateIn this episode of SpaceTime, we explore a groundbreaking study suggesting that Earth's climate may have undergone significant changes around 14 million years ago due to our solar system's journey through the Orion star-forming region. Researchers propose that this passage may have compressed the heliosphere, increasing interstellar dust influx and potentially impacting Earth's climate and geological records.Revisiting Mars' Iconic HueWe also discuss new findings that challenge previous assumptions about why Mars is red. Recent research indicates that the planet's rusted appearance may be linked to a wetter history, with liquid water playing a crucial role in the formation of iron oxides. This revelation reshapes our understanding of Mars' habitability and environmental conditions in its ancient past.NASA's Europa Clipper MissionAdditionally, we provide an exciting update on NASA's Europa Clipper mission, which has successfully completed a close gravity assist flyby of Mars. This maneuver not only altered the spacecraft's trajectory towards Jupiter but also allowed mission managers to test its radar instrument and thermal imager, setting the stage for its upcoming encounters with the icy moon Europa.00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 28 for broadcast on 5 March 202500:49 Impact of the solar system's journey through Orion on Earth's climate06:30 Details on the Radcliffe Wave and its significance12:15 New insights into Mars' red color and history of water18:00 Analysis of iron oxides and implications for Martian habitability22:45 Overview of NASA's Europa Clipper mission and its flyby of Mars27:00 The importance of gravity assists in space missions30:15 Health implications of screen time on children's visionwww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn. Enjoy incredible discounts and bonuses! Plus, it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌Check out our newest sponsor - Old Glory - Iconic Music and Sports Merch and now with official NASA merchandise. Well worth checking out...Become a supporter of this Podcast for as little as $3 per month and access commercial-free episodes plus bonuses: https://www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com/about✍️ Episode ReferencesNASAhttps://www.nasa.govNature Communicationshttps://www.nature.com/ncommsAstronomy and Astrophysicshttps://www.aanda.org/Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 27The Astronomy, Space and Science News PodcastAsteroid 2024 YR4 Impact Risk Reduced, Insights into Mars' Core, and NASA's Lunar Mission UpdateIn this episode of SpaceTime, we bring you encouraging news about asteroid 2024 YR4, with new observations indicating that the chances of it impacting Earth have plummeted to just 0.001%. Initially flagged as a potential threat, this asteroid has been closely monitored, and the latest data from the Very Large Telescope has allowed astronomers to refine its orbit and rule out any collision risk for 2032.Exploring the Martian CoreWe also delve into a fascinating new study regarding the composition of Mars' core. Research suggests that while it may contain a liquid outer core, there could also be a solid inner core composed of iron and sulfur. This breakthrough could reshape our understanding of the Red Planet's geophysical properties and the role of lighter elements in its core.NASA's Latest Lunar MissionAdditionally, we provide an update on NASA's latest lunar mission, which has successfully launched and is heading towards the Moon's south pole. The mission features the Intuitive Machines IM2 spacecraft, equipped with the Athena lunar lander and the Lunar Trailblazer orbiter, both designed to conduct groundbreaking research and resource utilization studies on the lunar surface.00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 27 for broadcast on 3 March 202500:49 Update on asteroid 2024 YR4 impact probability06:30 Importance of new observations from the Very Large Telescope12:15 Insights into the Martian core composition18:00 Research on solid inner core possibilities22:45 Overview of NASA's lunar IM2 mission27:00 Archaeological discovery of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh's tomb30:15 Discussion on the cultural significance of the Skinwalker Ranch serieswww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn. Enjoy incredible discounts and bonuses! Plus, it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌Check out our newest sponsor - Old Glory - Iconic Music and Sports Merch and now with official NASA merchandise. Well worth checking out...Become a supporter of this Podcast for as little as $3 per month and access commercial-free episodes plus bonuses: https://www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com/about✍️ Episode ReferencesNASAhttps://www.nasa.govNature Communicationshttps://www.nature.com/ncommsJournal of Geophysical Researchhttps://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/21699356Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-astronomy-science-news--2458531/support.00:00 New observations have all but completely ruled out asteroid 2024 yr, uh 4 hitting Earth00:49 New observations all but rule out asteroid 2020 yr 4 hitting Earth in 203204:23 New research suggests the Martian core may be at least partially solid09:06 NASA's latest commercial lunar Payload Services Initiative mission launches on SpaceX rocket12:48 The Prime One suite includes the Trident drill and the MSOLO spectrometer18:03 This would be the second lunar landing for intuitive machines21:22 Ocean currents may be able to withstand future global warming, study finds23:10 Archaeologists have uncovered the tomb of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh24:31 The History Channel Secret of Skinwalker Ranch is an alleged reality series

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 26The Astronomy, Space and Science News PodcastAsteroid Ryugu's Salty Secrets, Solar Orbiter's Venus Encounter, and NASA's Lunar Resource ExplorationIn this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the recent findings from the asteroid Richie, where scientists have discovered evidence of salt minerals, hinting at the presence of saline water in the outer solar system. This exciting revelation parallels previous discoveries from asteroid Bennu and enhances our understanding of the chemical history of these celestial bodies.Europe's Solar Orbiter and VenusWe also explore the European Space Agency's Solar Orbiter spacecraft as it prepares for a close flyby of Venus. This maneuver will allow the spacecraft to adjust its orbit significantly, enabling unprecedented observations of the Sun's polar regions, which have remained elusive from Earth. The encounter will provide critical data to improve our understanding of solar activity and its impact on space weather.NASA's Polar Ice ExperimentAdditionally, we discuss NASA's Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment (PRIME 1), which aims to analyze the Moon's subsurface for potential resources. This mission is pivotal for future manned lunar explorations under the Artemis program, as it seeks to identify local resources that can support sustained human presence on the Moon.00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 26 for broadcast on 28 February 202500:49 Evidence of salt minerals in Richie samples06:30 Implications for understanding outer solar system water12:15 Solar Orbiter's close encounter with Venus18:00 The significance of observing the Sun's polar regions22:45 NASA's PRIME 1 mission and lunar resource exploration27:00 Overview of recent findings on night owls and diabetes30:15 The impact of glacier melting and climate changewww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn. Enjoy incredible discounts and bonuses! Plus, it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌Check out our newest sponsor - Old Glory - Iconic Music and Sports Merch and now with official NASA merchandise. Well worth checking out...Become a supporter of this Podcast for as little as $3 per month and access commercial-free episodes plus bonuses: https://www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com/about✍️ Episode ReferencesNASAhttps://www.nasa.govEuropean Space Agencyhttps://www.esa.intNature Journalhttps://www.nature.com/Journal of Diabeteshttps://www.diabetesjournals.org/Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 25The Astronomy, Space and Science News PodcastTwo Arrows of Time, Ancient Rocks on Mars, and NASA's Lunar Trailblazer MissionIn this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into a groundbreaking discovery by physicists revealing the possibility of two distinct arrows of time emerging from the quantum realm. This fascinating research challenges our conventional understanding of time, suggesting that it may not flow in just one direction, but could theoretically move both forwards and backwards under certain quantum conditions.NASA's Perseverance Rover Finds Ancient Martian RocksWe also highlight the latest findings from NASA's Perseverance rover, which has uncovered new types of rocks that may be the oldest material ever found on Mars. As the rover continues its Crater Rim campaign, it is providing critical insights into the geological history of the Red Planet and the potential for ancient habitable environments.Countdown to NASA's Lunar Trailblazer MissionAdditionally, we preview the upcoming launch of NASA's Lunar Trailblazer mission, designed to search for water ice on the Moon. The mission aims to map the distribution and form of lunar water, contributing vital information for future manned and robotic missions to the Moon.00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 25 for broadcast on 26 February 202500:49 Discovery of two arrows of time in quantum physics06:30 Implications for our understanding of time12:15 Perseverance rover's exploration of ancient Martian rocks18:00 The significance of the Crater Rim campaign22:45 Overview of NASA's Lunar Trailblazer mission27:00 The importance of mapping lunar water resources30:15 Health concerns linked to aspartame consumptionwww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn. Enjoy incredible discounts and bonuses! Plus, it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌Check out our newest sponsor - Old Glory - Iconic Music and Sports Merch and now with official NASA merchandise. Well worth checking out...Become a supporter of this Podcast for as little as $3 per month and access commercial-free episodes plus bonuses: https://www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com/about✍️ Episode ReferencesNASAhttps://www.nasa.govScientific Reportshttps://www.nature.com/srepCell Metabolismhttps://www.cell.com/cell-metabolismBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-astronomy-science-news--2458531/support.

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 24The Astronomy, Space and Science News PodcastAsteroid Impact Odds, Lunar Grand Canyons, and NASA's Stranded AstronautsIn this episode of SpaceTime, we discuss the alarming increase in the odds of asteroid 2024 YR4 impacting Earth, now estimated at 3.1% for December 22, 2032. This asteroid, measuring between 40 to 90 meters, poses a significant threat, and we delve into the implications of planetary defense strategies that could be employed to mitigate this risk.The Origins of the Moon's Grand CanyonsWe also explore new research that suggests the Moon's massive canyons, Vallis Schrodinger and Valles Plank, were carved out by asteroid impacts in a mere 10 minutes. This groundbreaking study provides insights into the Moon's geological history and will have important implications for future lunar missions, particularly the upcoming Artemis program.NASA's Stranded AstronautsAdditionally, we cover the latest developments regarding NASA astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wiltmore, who have been stranded aboard the International Space Station since June 2024. With the potential for an earlier return home due to a change in SpaceX's Crew 10 mission schedule, we discuss the challenges they faced during their extended stay in orbit.00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 24 for broadcast on 24 February 202500:49 Increased odds of asteroid 2024 YR4 impact06:30 Implications for planetary defense strategies12:15 The formation of lunar canyons from asteroid impacts18:00 Insights from the Schrodinger impact basin study22:45 NASA astronauts' potential early return to Earth27:00 Overview of La Nina's arrival in the eastern Pacific30:15 The implications of losing the sense of tastewww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn. Enjoy incredible discounts and bonuses! Plus, it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌Check out our newest sponsor - Old Glory - Iconic Music and Sports Merch and now with official NASA merchandise. Well worth checking out...Become a supporter of this Podcast for as little as $3 per month and access commercial-free episodes plus bonuses: https://www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com/about✍️ Episode ReferencesNASAhttps://www.nasa.govNature Communicationshttps://www.nature.com/ncomms/NOAAhttps://www.noaa.govJournal of the American Medical Associationhttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaJournal of Vertebrate Paleontologyhttps://www.journals.uchicago.edu/journals/jvpBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-astronomy-science-news--2458531/support.

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 23The Astronomy, Space and Science News PodcastSnowball Earth Evidence, Blue Origin's Parachute Failure, and the Moon Illusion ExplainedIn this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into groundbreaking geological research that provides compelling evidence for the Snowball Earth hypothesis, suggesting that glaciers may have covered the planet from pole to pole hundreds of millions of years ago. This research reveals insights into Earth's climatic history and the emergence of multicellular life following this extreme glaciation event.Blue Origin's Lunar Gravity MissionWe also discuss the recent Blue Origin mission, where the New Shepard spacecraft experienced a parachute failure during a lunar gravity simulation flight. Despite the malfunction, mission managers confirm that the capsule was designed to land safely with two parachutes, and investigations are underway to understand the issue.The Moon Illusion: Why Does It Appear Larger on the Horizon?Additionally, we explore the fascinating phenomenon known as the Moon illusion, which causes the Moon to appear larger when it is near the horizon compared to when it is high in the sky. We delve into the psychological and perceptual factors that contribute to this optical illusion, despite the Moon's actual size remaining constant.00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 23 for broadcast on 21 February 202500:49 Evidence supporting the Snowball Earth hypothesis06:30 Implications for Earth's climatic history12:15 Blue Origin's lunar gravity mission details18:00 Analysis of parachute failure during descent22:45 The Moon illusion and its psychological explanations27:00 Understanding optical illusions in astronomy30:15 The self-domestication of wolves and its implicationswww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn. Enjoy incredible discounts and bonuses! Plus, it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌Check out our newest sponsor - Old Glory - Iconic Music and Sports Merch and now with official NASA merchandise. Well worth checking out...Become a supporter of this Podcast for as little as $3 per month and access commercial-free episodes plus bonuses: https://www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com/about✍️ Episode ReferencesNASAhttps://www.nasa.govProceedings of the National Academy of Scienceshttps://www.pnas.orgNew England Journal of Medicinehttps://www.nejm.orgRoyal Society Bhttps://royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspbBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-astronomy-science-news--2458531/support.Show notes created by https://headliner.app---🎙️ Thanks for podcasting with Headliner!

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 22The Astronomy, Space and Science News PodcastNew Van Allen Radiation Belts, Alien Oceans and Signs of Life, and the Largest Black Hole Radio Jet Ever DetectedIn this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover the discovery of two new temporary Van Allen radiation belts created by a massive solar storm that struck Earth in May 2024. This event not only produced stunning auroras but also highlighted the importance of understanding the dynamics of radiation belts for the safety of satellites and astronauts. The findings, reported by NASA's Colorado Inner Radiation Belt Experiment, reveal that these belts can last significantly longer than previously thought, with implications for future solar storms and spaceflight safety.Searching for Life in Alien OceansWe also explore the challenges of detecting signs of extraterrestrial life in the subsurface oceans of icy moons like Saturn's Enceladus. A new study suggests that the unique physics of these oceans could hinder the movement of biological signatures from deep waters to the surface, complicating the search for life beyond Earth. This research emphasizes the need to understand ocean dynamics in the search for life in our solar system.The Largest Black Hole Radio Jet in the Early UniverseAdditionally, astronomers have identified the largest radio jet ever seen in the early universe, spanning an astonishing 200,000 light years. This discovery sheds light on the formation of massive jets and quasars, providing crucial insights into the evolution of galaxies in the early cosmos. The quasar, which formed when the universe was just 9% of its current age, challenges previous assumptions about the conditions needed for such powerful jets to form.00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 22 for broadcast on 19 February 202500:49 Discovery of new Van Allen radiation belts06:30 Implications of the May solar storm12:15 Challenges in detecting life in Enceladus's oceans18:00 The significance of ocean dynamics in extraterrestrial life searches22:45 The largest black hole radio jet ever observed27:00 Understanding quasars and their impact on galaxy evolution30:15 The implications of AI self-replicationwww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn. Enjoy incredible discounts and bonuses! Plus, it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌Check out our newest sponsor - Old Glory - Iconic Music and Sports Merch and now with official NASA merchandise. Well worth checking out...Become a supporter of this Podcast for as little as $3 per month and access commercial-free episodes plus bonuses: https://www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com/about✍️ Episode ReferencesNASAhttps://www.nasa.govGeophysical Research Space Physicshttps://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19448007Communications and Earth Environmenthttps://www.nature.com/ncomms/Astrophysical Journal Lettershttps://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.