Elizabeth Anscombe, an influential philosopher known for opposing the atomic bombings in WWII, passionately critiques their moral implications. She argues that killing civilians can never be justified. The discussion dives into her relationship with Wittgenstein, reshaping moral philosophy and ethics. They explore the evolution of intention in action, highlighting the impact of virtue ethics in defining a good life. Anecdotes of Anscombe’s unconventional personality add a colorful touch, showcasing her defiance of societal norms.

Discover how fish began their extraordinary transition to land around 400 million years ago. With fins evolving into limbs and swim bladders transforming into lungs, these ancient creatures set the stage for the explosion of life on Earth. The fossil find of Tiktaalik serves as a crucial link between fish and tetrapods. Delve into the remarkable adaptations that allowed vertebrates to conquer terrestrial environments, from changes in anatomy to new feeding behaviors.

Delve into John Rawls' groundbreaking theory of justice, shaped by his WWII experiences. Discover how his concept of 'justice as fairness' proposes inequalities benefit the least advantaged. Explore the 'original position' and 'veil of ignorance' as key to understanding fairness in society. The discussion highlights challenges in achieving wealth dispersion and the impact of democracy in contemporary contexts. Reflect on Rawls' lasting influence on moral philosophy and the societal challenges regarding equality today.

In this captivating discussion, Walter Benjamin, a celebrated 20th-century thinker known for his profound insights into philosophy and cultural history, takes center stage. The guests explore his groundbreaking ideas about the impact of film and photography on art and politics, and the significance of his Arcades Project as a lens into 1920s Paris. They also delve into his struggles as a Jewish exile during the rise of the Nazis, revealing how his legacy continues to resonate in contemporary cultural discussions.

Delve into the chilling world of George Orwell's dystopia, where surveillance and propaganda shape reality. Explore Winston Smith's harrowing journey through totalitarianism, grappling with truth manipulation and personal freedom. The discussion reflects on Orwell's disillusionment from the Spanish Civil War and the psychological implications of his narrative. Key themes like emotional repression, bureaucratic language, and the haunting effects of state control resonate with contemporary issues, evoking profound questions about power and memory.

Michelangelo, the renowned Renaissance artist behind masterpieces like the Sistine Chapel's ceiling, discusses the incredible journey of his art. He delves into the rivalry with Raphael and the theological weight of his works, especially The Last Judgment, capturing complex themes of mortality and chaos. The conversation touches on the challenges of artistic freedom under the Church's gaze and the enduring influence of his masterpieces. Listeners also learn about the meticulous restoration efforts that have revived the vibrancy of his divine colors.

Joined by political theorists Robert Gildea, Susan-Mary Grant, and Jeremy Jennings, the discussion centers on Alexis de Tocqueville, a 19th-century French thinker who examined American democracy. They explore Tocqueville's insights during his 1831 visit, his concerns about majority rule and individual liberties, and how his observations on American society and political changes, like Andrew Jackson's presidency, hold relevance today. The conversation also touches on the cultural balances of individualism, philanthropy, and evolving perspectives on slavery and equality in both America and France.

Discover the fascinating world of bacteriophages, the viruses that specifically target bacteria. Early 20th-century scientists uncovered these tiny predators, paving the way for groundbreaking research into their potential benefits. Explore how bacteriophages could combat antibiotic resistance and monitor water quality. Learn about their unique life cycles and what makes them the most abundant biological entities on Earth. This discussion highlights the intersection of history, microbiology, and medicine, showcasing the promise of these microscopic guardians.

Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Claude Monet's time in London, capturing the essence of the city's smoke and fog, his abstract artistic evolution, and the influence of London on his iconic Thames paintings. They explore Monet's unique approach to nature and light, the reception of London fog by critics, and his unwavering identity as an impressionist despite innovative contributions.

Melvyn Bragg and guests explore the doctrine of Karma across Indian cultures, discussing rebirth, free will, ethics, and consequences of actions. They compare Indian beliefs to ancient Greece, highlight altruism in Mahayana Buddhism, and Jain practices for achieving moral purity. The conversation delves into contrasting views on death and the self in Buddhism and Hinduism, examining the moral mechanism of karma and the pursuit of liberation from rebirth.