A short introduction to start a mini-series on this Christian apologetic idea, and some of the reasons why we have such difficulty with it. Intelligent Design” has attracted much criticism — certainly from the secular, scientific community, but even from Christians of all stripes … including ourselves. Over the next few weeks, we’re going to talk to some of the most prominent advocates of this controversial idea …. as well as to scientists who are the world experts in the areas on which those advocates build their pro-ID arguments. But before we do that, we thought we’d re-release an episode that we recorded three years ago, which introduces this controversial idea and sums up many of the reasons why we find it so hard to fully embrace it. Our main stopping points in the discussion included: why “Intelligent Design” is hard for Christians to resist: “we’re made/designed by God, and God would be intelligent” why we can’t embrace Intelligent Design: too many examples of design which are not just clumsy (the retina of our eye) or unclear to us (goose bumps; ability to wiggle our ears; fingernails), but even many which are just fundamentally wicked: the joining of our food-pipe and wind-pipe results in a horrible death for people who breath at the wrong time while swimming, or took too big a bite out of their sandwich, or who have Lou Gehrig’s disease (ALS), or gastric acid reflux leading to respiratory dysfunction; childbirth: without modern medicine, too many mothers and babies die a horrible and slow death through exhaustion from not being able to expel the baby, or slowly bleeding to death, or having the life slowly squeezed out. it’s awkward (to say the least!) to speak of a God who intervenes in our lives to give us beautiful design when there are these examples of horrible design, just like it’s hard to attribute good outcomes to an intervening God when horribly bad things happen to other people around us (like saying “God steered this tornado right around our house and saved us from destruction,” when that same tornado destroyed the neighbor’s house and killed his kids) those “horrible examples” are better explained by evolution working from the bottom-up and landing on solutions to a problem that work most of the time, than a carefully-considered design from the top-down we need more clarity and nuance around words like random, undirected, designed, and orchestrated genetic evolution does not only operate through small, incremental changes in the genetic code (which is as far as Intelligent Design advocates want to take this conversation); there are many other mechanisms that lead to sudden and big changes (many of which we talked about in detail with Dr. James Shapiro in Episode #70): gene duplication, with subsequent modification and selection pre-programmed gene shuffling and re-organization information inherited from the mother through machines inside the egg (the mitochondria) and molecules (glycoproteins) on the “skin” of the egg recombination of pairs of chromosomes “epigenetics” (this is an umbrella term which simply means everything that doesn’t involve genes”) even the writers of scripture, the ancient Hebrews, recognized childbirth as an argument against design, which is why they re-framed it as a punishment against breaking a Divine law. God can create using naturalistic mechanism (the Big Bang; chemical evolution; genetic evolution; natural selection) the “horrible examples” described above are not examples of previously good designs which were broken by the Fall in the Garden, as many Young Earth Creationists will propose; they are instead fundamental designs right from the start. As always, tell us your thoughts on this topic … To help grow this podcast, please like, share and post a rating/review at your favorite podcast catcher. Subscribe here to get updates each time a new episode is posted, and find us on Twitter or Facebook. Back to Recovering Evangelicals home-page and the podcast archive

“Why not just throw the worship service out the window, and re-think what it means to be a Christian community?” Most Christians today have nestled into, or hopped between, a very standard modern expression of Christian faith, one that involves meeting for an hour on Sunday and having an unchanging mixture of songs, scripture reading, announcements, sermon, and prayer. Many people are leaving churches, and even Christianity itself, because it just doesn’t meet their spiritual needs. Today, we talk to Dr. Evan Amo, who did theological training at Princeton Theological Seminary and after a few traditional conservative Christian pastoral placements, asked: “why not just throw the worship service out the window, and just re-think what it means to be a Christian community?” Here are the main points in our conversation of his spiritual journey and his own answer to that question: grew up in a typical mainline Presbyterian church with a traditional worship style that was beginning to experiment with “contemporary worship”; quite comfortable and satisfied in that setting and with those traditions; “inerrancy and ‘personal relationship’ was the default thinking there” went off to university which introduced him to a more critical approach to the Bible, and joined a different Evangelical church which was a bit less conservative; both began to challenge some of his theological upbringing also began developing musical skills; formed a band following his undergraduate degree, and some Christian leadership experience at a Christian camp, as well as “doors being closed” in his music career, Evan began graduate training at Princeton Theological Seminary never had aspirations for typical pastoral career, but wanted something “outside of the box”; theological interests started curving toward social justice and liberation theology; these were hugely influenced by socio-political upheavals in the U.S. at the time after graduating from Princeton, he served for two years in a large church in North Carolina; then moved on to a temporary supply pastor position in a nearby small rural — and very conservative — Presbyterian church; this help shaped his sensitivity toward, and abilities to speak to, people with a very different worldview served four years in a small aging African-American church in Denver, including the years of COVID and racial unrest in the U.S. most recently, he has started a whole new venture in Denver, supported by the Presbytery of Denver, one that is completely different in how it engages Christian faith; a spiritual community that combines worship in nature (meditation hikes) with social justice and compassion work with marginalized groups in the inner city; this includes people from other faith traditions (Catholic) and world religions (Judaism; Buddhism); also very connected to Celtic spirituality, and indigenous spirituality his vocation better addresses issues in the current Post-Christendom age (marked by a major disaffiliation of society from traditional church) church and state have traditionally been kept separate ….. Christian Nationalism seeks to reverse that; conservative Christians have nostalgia for a long-gone era …. feel threatened by on-going cultural and demographic changes in which white people become a minority our discussion of Celtic/indigenous spirituality led to a lot of exploration of panentheism in Christian thinking (including the Apostle Paul) which many contemporary Christians are either unaware of or they react strongly against that is there a disconnect between trying to worship God in a very natural setting (remember, Evan’s doing this in the Rocky Mountains of Denver) while engaging in inner city ministry? And for other cities which don’t have such natural beauty (the heart of Detroit) or don’t have “an inner city problem” (rural Idaho), how can they learn from and apply this new idea? Evan is also an accomplished musician, and gave us a lot of descriptive insights about his two albums (their inspiration; their meaning), and excerpts from several songs As always, tell us your thoughts on this topic … Find more information about Evan’s new way of “doing church” at their website or Instagram account, and his music at www.bruisedreeds.bandcamp.com. If you enjoyed this episode, you may also like Episode #115, where we talked with Dr. Gregory Mobley about interfaith learning and finding God in unconventional places. Episode image by permission from Dr. Evan Amo. To help grow this podcast, please like, share and post a rating/review at your favorite podcast catcher. Subscribe here to get updates each time a new episode is posted, and find us on Twitter or Facebook. Back to Recovering Evangelicals home-page and the podcast archive

Four particularly toxic ingredients make it especially hard for some (many?) Evangelicals to maintain their belief system beyond a few decades. Christianity, in the West at least, is certainly experiencing a “great falling away”: churches closing, memberships dropping, people leaving the faith entirely. Some might conclude they’re leaving in order to better enjoy “sex, drugs and rock and roll.” But a closer look reveals that their departure has so much more to do with simply being unable to hold on to something that just produces so much doubt, internal conflict, cognitive dissonance, and challenges to personal integrity. And a variety of forms of religious abuse have certainly helped people out the doors. We certainly found this to be the case for the four of our listeners whom we interviewed over the past four weeks. We learned that all four of them have rejected the form of Christian faith that they grew up with and held quite comfortably for a couple decades. Two of them no longer go to church at all, while a third one attends as an atheist. And none of them would again embrace the label “Evangelical.” But all four are still always listening, reading and talking about ….. Christian things. They’re still “scratching the itch”! In this episode, we distill some themes, commonalities, and lessons learned from those four conversations. Points that we covered include: the strange beliefs of their original Christian faith seemed to be so normal and acceptable at the time, but now they see moral atrocities, unscientific claims, philosophical paradoxes, and theological conflicts there are four “toxic ingredients” that need to be revised or gotten rid of: inerrancy and infallibility of scripture hell theology (esp. eternal conscious torment) Penal Substitution Christian exclusivism too many people don’t correctly understand in detail the origins of the Bible, and its human input inerrancy and infallibility is never mentioned in the Bible; Jesus often turned scripture upside-down; even people who claim to adhere completely to inerrancy/infallibility don’t take many parts of the Bible “literally” Peter Enns (episode #57) and Mark Elliott (episode #116) had no concerns about Luke’s claim that the Bible is more like a human diary or notebook, than a Divine dictation the origin of the doctrine of inerrancy/infallibility is very recent, and rooted in politics and religious control the origin of the Chicago Statement on Inerrancy and Infallibility what did Jesus mean by “not one least stroke of a pen will disappear from the Law before all these things are fulfilled”? This is often a proof text for people who defend inerrancy and infallibility for many people, Christianity is all about avoiding hell the great difficulty in believing God could be as brutal, judgmental, and vindictive as that Penal Substitution: the horrible idea that God just NEEDS to see blood spilled before he can forgive and forget, even the blood of someone who has nothing to do with the “crime” Christian exclusivism: that all other religions, and even many strands of Christianity, are on the wrong path and will find themselves in hell Evangelical Christianity has many beliefs that are equally “off-track” as any other world religion (the “prosperity Gospel”, Penal Substitution; Christian Nationalism; anti-gay/anti-trans Christianity) Jesus is the basis for salvation in the sense that he held up a model for us to follow that we need to strive for … the “Good News,” or Euangelion many atheists and adherents to other world religions are doing a better job of living out that Good News message than many Christians In addition to the four “toxic ingredients,” there’s another ingredient that may not be toxic, but is still very problematic … the ideal of having a “personal relationship” with the Divine does autism impair ones ability to experience a “personal relationship”? if one still finds value in the Bible and strives to follow the teachings of Christ, but drops those four toxic ingredients and the problematic one, is that still a truly Christian faith? Orthodoxy versus orthopraxy: showing one’s faith through their works … the parable of “the sheep and the goats” listener feedback on our FaceBook Discussion forum: Doug, Merv and Lori: “please give us more of these interviews …. we can relate to these people” Doug: Scott’s comment about nihilism being the next stopping point for those who give up Christian faith … finding ultimate meaning Mi K.: Christianity is not monolithic …. there are many forms which bear no resemblance to each other …. having problems with one form should not require rejecting all of them Nichola: “Evangelical” is a label which can’t be rehabilitated is the arc of Christianity approaching another inflection point? … will 21st century Christianity look as different from 20th century Christianity, as the latter looks from 10th century, or 5th century, or 1st century Christianities As always, tell us your thoughts on this topic … If you enjoyed this episode, you may also like Episode #14, where we first talked about four core problems with Evangelicalism. More specific points that we skimmed over were discussed in greater detail in episodes #19 (Penal Substitution), #42 (“personal relationship”), and #88 (Hell). Episode image from Pixabay. To help grow this podcast, please like, share and post a rating/review at your favorite podcast catcher. Subscribe here to get updates each time a new episode is posted, and find us on Twitter or Facebook. Back to Recovering Evangelicals home-page and the podcast archive

A traumatic experience while serving in a church led to a complete deconstruction of her Christian faith: she’s still “a hopeful Christian agnostic” who finds Jesus’ message “beautiful and life-giving” Another one of our listeners tells her story. Rachel Sanders also grew up in a conservative Evangelical home, and went to a Southern Baptist church, but it was her years in Christian elementary, middle and high schools, and then a Christian college which really instilled in her a Fundamentalist Christian worldview. For a couple decades, she was quite comfortable in that faith system; doubts and questions rumbled in the distance, but she was able to keep the cognitive dissonance suppressed. Until she and her partner began ministry work in a church out of state. An escalating series of clashes and confrontations with members of the congregation and the pastor led them to not only leave that church, but then triggered a full theological deconstruction. That storm shipwrecked her faith! She now calls herself a “hopeful Christian agnostic,” because she still finds the message of Christ to be beautiful and life-giving. But for now, returning to a church, even as just a pew-warmer, is out of the question. Some of the points we talked about with Rachel include: parents were divorced from her earliest memory step father had been a Baptist minister, but his ordination was removed because he married a divorcee grew up in a large Southern Baptist church; very conservative; attended a Fundamentalist Christian elementary school, and then private Christian high school; Bible classes taught them Young Earth Creationism, Purity Culture; evolution is a “theory without much evidence”; “accepted Jesus into her life” at age of five …. “did I understand what Jesus was saving me from, I don’t know”; fully embraced her early Christian Faith; happy to have a guidebook for her life her faith was purely intellectual during elementary school years, but more on an emotional level when in her teens; the lack of emotional investment prompted a crisis-of-faith huge personal impact of a missions trip to Haiti went to Asbury College (recently in the news for its “revival”), where she developed a Wesleyan tradition the “slippery slope” … “well, if this part of the Bible isn’t “true”, then what about that part?” was not taught about a literal/historical Adam and Eve, but isn’t sure what they did with Original Sin has long been conflicted with their teaching about hell; wondered “what’s the point of Christianity if there is no hell?” “the sermon-cycle of shame and regret” and “thought-terminating cliches” her deconstruction process was catalyzed/accelerated by the political unrest of the past few years for years, got comfortable with cognitive dissonance over theological problems; but abuse and betrayal by her church community tipped her over the edge a traumatic experience with a senior church ministry leader crystallized the ending of her faith; she and her partner left church behind them connected on-line with other people who had been hurt by the church, and that fueled the deconstruction of her theology still looking for a church that hasn’t weaponized the Bible still holds a faith in a creative Life Force … calls herself “a hopeful agnostic Christian”; still attracted to Christ, and his message Scott asks if nihilism is the next step the label “Evangelical” has been hijacked, and we need to recover its original meaning Christianity is so much more broadly based than just “Evangelical” Christianity; need to explore its full dimensions before rejecting the whole theology it’s OK to not know … there’s freedom in mystery As always, tell us your thoughts on this topic … If you’re interested in other personal life stories of people we’ve interviewed, check out this thematic collection. Episode image by Tim Hill from Pixabay. To help grow this podcast, please like, share and post a rating/review at your favorite podcast catcher. Subscribe here to get updates each time a new episode is posted, and find us on Twitter or Facebook. Back to Recovering Evangelicals home-page and the podcast archive

Her spiritual journey was going perfectly well, until life circumstances blind-sided her and the “body of Christ” failed her, putting an end to her journey. This week, another long-standing member of the podcast discussion group drops into our “studio” and shares her spiritual journey. She was perfectly comfortable for the first few decades with her very Conservative Fundamentalist Evangelical upbringing, fully accepting all of that theology without question. But when tragic life circumstances led the people closest to her — “the body of Christ” — to betray and abandon her, that’s when the deconstructive questions really began. Not only did those relationships unravel, but so did one theological tenet after another. A few decades later, she’s really not sure what she can believe or trust anymore. And yet she’s still “scratching the itch”. Our discussion covered the following points: grew up Plymouth Brethren … very conservative “came to faith” as a five year old, purely out of the fear instilled by a Bible class teacher giving a graphic presentation of hell as a child, only hung around church kids was not allowed to go to movie theater because “you might miss the Rapture!” found at 15 that she was adopted, which sparked an identity crisis while at a church youth campfire event, she witnessed other people who seemed to have a much more emotional and expressive spirituality, which started her doubting about her salvation/spirituality looking back at her church environment: it felt safe because it was all she’d ever known … it was her social life one sermon heavy with “worm-theology” [you are good for nothing] had long-lasting impact up to her late teen years, she was completely comfortable with her spirituality and her religious worldview; that began to change, though cracks started to form in her belief system around: prayer didn’t seem to work; bounced back off the ceiling how the church — “the body of Christ” — mishandled a very difficult event in her personal life, resorting to judgment and ostracization, rather than love and support; this was a deeply felt betrayal after leaving that church and joining a new one, another difficult life circumstance was once again not handled well, and once again raised questions about her Christianity the podcast opened her eyes to morally questionable stories in the Old Testament (e.g., Episode #98) churches and Christians use language which is foreign or unclear to people who don’t live in the church despite giving up much of her original faith system, she’s still “scratching the itch” … listening to faith podcasts, reading religious books, discussing theological ideas Christians too easily and quickly “cherry-pick” Bible verses the oral history which preceded the writing of Scripture raised a lot of doubt about how much we can trust the Bible; questions about inerrancy, infallibility, inspiration, certainty; the “slippery slope” non-Biblical books can equally be a source of inspiration and spiritual development the “personal relationship,” free-will, and prayer still fully believes in a Higher Power … a creative life force need to become comfortable with mystery … not knowing … the anti-thesis of certainty some forms of Christianity can sound eerily cult-like; psychological control Ruth shared an example of how her early Christian self occasionally surprises her by popping up in her speech and thoughts the three main reasons that people give up on the Christian faith that they first grew up in: preferring to live a life of “sex, drugs, and rock-and-roll” (frequently the trope that people in the pews might think is the explanation) intellectual problems with the theology / Bible, and the assault on personal integrity that those bring religious abuse; the church community poorly representing “the body of Christ” As always, tell us your thoughts on this topic … If you’re interested in other personal life stories of people we’ve interviewed, check out this thematic collection. Episode image by Tarek Darwish from Pixabay. To help grow this podcast, please like, share and post a rating/review at your favorite podcast catcher. Subscribe here to get updates each time a new episode is posted, and find us on Twitter or Facebook. Back to Recovering Evangelicals home-page and the podcast archive

Another listener tells his story of navigating a long and meandering path through Evangelicalism: many detours, but the same destination. This week, we talk to an old friend of both of ours: Paul Almas. Paul played a key role in Luke’s reconstruction journey, was someone that both Luke and Scott looked up to 20 or 30 years ago in two very different church settings, and has been an ardent supporter of the Recovering Evangelicals Project from the very beginning. He’s constantly plugged into various podcasts and sending us articles of political, religious, theological, sociological, and/or philosophical interest. Points that we talked about in today’s conversation include: his father was a circuit preacher in rural Canada in the 30s and 40s Paul was steeped in Fundamentalist, Dispensational Theology … Young Earth Creationism …. inerrancy/infallibility of scripture …. he fully embraced all of this for the first two decades of his life a very tightly knit family and social group (church congregation) for young members in this community, becoming a pastor/missionary was top priority, while secular work was second choice in order to pursue what ultimately became his career (industrial design and consulting), Paul needed to leave the constraints of his community and go to the big city (Toronto) to get education; this exposed him to a whole new world started to ask questions in his youth years, especially when the church brought in travelling preachers/evangelists with their emotionally manipulative revivalist tent meetings as a young adult, he was very much involved in teaching, leading, and serving as elder and board member in the churches he attended (and helped build) in his 40s, became disenchanted with the church as an institution became critical of much of the theology that he had held firmly during the first two or three decades of his life, particularly the inerrancy and infallibility of scripture, morality of many Old Testament stories, Dispensational Theology, atonement theology, the blood of Christ, his concept of God, the Trinity, etc. …. needed to soften his positions on those aspects of his theology and belief system, eventually reconfiguring parts and even rejecting other parts outright when he subjected his personal theology to the creative problem-solving methodological tools that he developed for his business (industrial consulting), or the critical thinking that comes with the Scientific Method, he found big holes and gaps (see 29:00 – 32:00) he still fully believed in a creative force, but had serious problems with the arrogance and certainty that theology invoked … still “has not landed” on many theological issues about which he previously had great certainty what is Paul’s secret? why has he been able to give up on many of the same theological tenets that other people have blamed for the shipwrecking of their faith, and yet still retain a firmly committed Christian belief? Answer: you have to learn to be comfortable with mystery … requiring certainty is fatal to belief no longer interested in the institution of church, but greatly values the fellowship and community of church any regrets about that journey? … none at all … rough patches were learning and growth opportunities even as he’s “turning up the seats, putting up the chair tables, and getting ready for final landing approach,” he’s getting excited to meet the creative force from which we came when asked can/should Evangelicalism be recovered, his answer was: “I don’t think so. I’d never use the label anymore.” We need to find a new label for what we want it to mean. As always, tell us your thoughts on this topic … If you’re interested in other personal life stories of people we’ve interviewed, check out this thematic collection. Image by Kevin Klarer from Pixabay. To help grow this podcast, please like, share and post a rating/review at your favorite podcast catcher. Subscribe here to get updates each time a new episode is posted, and find us on Twitter or Facebook. Back to Recovering Evangelicals home-page and the podcast archive

Getting to know one of our listeners, and his very unique and thought-provoking path into and out of Evangelicalism. We talked to Doug, one of our listeners, to learn a bit about his very unique story through Evangelicalism: from Fundamentalism, through progressively more liberal churches, eventually going back to Bible Seminary as an atheist to become the minister for a Unitarian Universalist church, and currently studying Zen Buddhism while also attending Sunday School at a Disciples of Christ church in small-town USA. Our casual conversation meandered through a variety of touchpoints: his favorite podcasts, including a skeptic’s interest in the paranormal and UAPs (the new acronym for UFOs) born into a spiritually liberal home, but became a Fundamentalist Evangelical as a teen in order to escape hell inerrancy/infallibility of scripture was deeply engrained into his formation eternal conscious torment in hell Young Earth Creationism his career goal as a teen was to become a missionary, preaching the Gospel, so he went to Bible College Bible College was a Bob Jones wannabe institution all other faith traditions (esp. Catholicism) were seen to be heretical … “and even Southern Baptists barely made it” how the Evangelical movement at that time strayed into national politics his spirituality has always been much more intellectual than experiential/emotional joined the Air Force; trained in Logistics and Acquisitions attended an Orthodox Presbyterian Church began noticing more and more problems in his daily readings of the Bible; eventually, this pillar holding up his faith (inerrancy/infallibility) broke completely went through a progression of increasingly liberal churches; eventually stopped going at all [for a while] stopped believing in any of it, despite two “atheist-in-a-foxhole” experiences; learned to accept that he could die at any moment, and never felt a need to reach out to God; felt no concern about going to hell the “four horsemen of the Apocalypse” some noteworthy answers and non-answers to prayer started attending a Unitarian Universalist Church … as an atheist …. and began serving as their minister started training in Zen Buddhism then started attending a Sunday School class in a Disciples of Christ Church (still as an atheist) doesn’t like the label “scratching the itch” applied to him Christianity is noteworthy because of what it leaves behind in its wake: schools, hospitals, drug addiction centers, and Western liberal ideals (love your neighbour; help the weak; stand against racism) questions about having (or requiring one to have) a personal relationship with the Divine maybe the way Christianity was presented to Doug was faulty: it was “too rigid to the point of being brittle, and then when it broke, it didn’t have enough flexibility to be remolded into something different” God needing blood to overlook sin, and Jesus having to be tortured and killed, are abhorrent ideas can Evangelicalism still be recovered? … No, the term has become too tainted … now has too much baggage One thing Doug said near the end of our conversation really struck me: “But if there’s an afterlife, and I stand before God, in some form of judgment, I can stand before that God intellectually honest that I did not think that God was a brute that tortured people; I wouldn’t do that, why would I expect God to do that?” As always, tell us your thoughts on this conversation … If you enjoyed this episode, you may also like the sermon he gave at his home Unitarian Universalist Church (we referred to it a few times in the interview), or our own episode #41 (“Scratching the itch”). Episode image by Hermann Traub from Pixabay. To help grow this podcast, please like, share and post a rating/review at your favorite podcast catcher. Subscribe here to get updates each time a new episode is posted, and find us on Twitter or Facebook. Back to Recovering Evangelicals home-page and the podcast archive

Science now makes the former no longer tenable, leaving three options for believers: ignore the problem, reject the Bible, or revise one’s theology. The story of “the Exodus” has traditionally been seen to involve millions of Israelites following Moses out of Egypt: this image is derived from a literal reading of the Old Testament, with more than a little help from Cecil B. DeMille’s iconic movie. However, scholars have given us several other versions of this story which are much, MUCH smaller in scale and quite different in many of the details … and which are much more believable, especially given that they’re based on actual data (archaeological; literary; genetic). This puts many believers in a difficult position: setting aside what they see/saw as the Biblical version forces them to devalue the Bible and possibly to reject their faith. In this episode, we talk about why the “Sunday School version” is really no longer tenable, and how to revise one’s theology to accommodate that paradigm shift. Discussion points included: how people respond when they grow up with one version (usually the “Sunday School version” and then later are confronted with a very different one (usually one of the scholar’s versions). “the numbers” that argue against the literal version (the “Sunday School version”): (1) the numbers that the text give us which are just too hard to believe (several million Israelites marching out of Egypt? the logistics for a horde of this tremendous size) (2) the numbers that you’d expect to find if the Sunday School version was historical, but which are nowhere to be found (the trail of dead bodies and garbage; surrounding cultures would have written something about this event) (3) the numbers that we do find which point to a very different version (the Levites as late-comers to Canaan from Egypt; the genetics of the inhabitants of Canaan at that time) the perceived risks of rejecting the Sunday School version of the Exodus story: need to reject the whole Bible (the inerrancy/infallibility problem) need to reject core aspects of Christian faith (if there was no Passover event, then what do we do with Christ’s death on “Passover”) [Black] Liberation Theology resonates profoundly with the Exodus story many listeners gave great feedback to our question: “if you have/had to reject the Sunday School version of this story, what impact would that have on your Christian faith” people feel lied to by Christian leaders who know or should know that the traditional Sunday School version is suspicious the first step in coming to grips with this problem is recognizing that the Old Testament was written by Jews, and to Jews; we can debate the extent to which this on-going in-house conversation is open to us 21st century Westerners. constitutional lawyers and Supreme Court judges are faced with the very same situation when interpreting the US Constitution: either stay absolutely true to the original wording, or see it as a living document that breathes and changes as the American population changes through time and encounters new situations we also see the same thing in the four corners of the Wesleyan quadrilateral: two corners that are wooden and unbending (scripture and church tradition) are balanced out by the flexibility of the other two corners (reason and church experience) Fundamentalists and Literalists already occasionally take scripture non-literally whether they realize it or not (the sun orbiting the earth? Hell is underground? the sky is a hard dome holding back an ocean of water? our soul resides in our liver?) the ancient Israelites and 1st century Christians fully believed that God needs blood to absolve sin; but many Christians today call into question Penal Substitutionary Atonement and God’s need for blood As always, tell us your thoughts on this topic … If you enjoyed this episode, you may also like Episode #57 (the writing of the Old Testament), #101 (Divine Inspiration), #112 (Passover as the context for Christ’s death on the cross), #19 and #20 (Atonement Theory), #15 (how ancient Jews understood things so differently from us today). Movie promotional image from Paramount Pictures (modified). To help grow this podcast, please like, share and post a rating/review at your favorite podcast catcher. Subscribe here to get updates each time a new episode is posted, and find us on Twitter or Facebook. Back to Recovering Evangelicals home-page and the podcast archive

Although the origin story for Jews, and the foundation for much of Christian theology, many scholars will ask: did it really happen? Moses leading the newly-born nation of Israel out of slavery in Egypt, wandering through the desert for 40 years, and taking possession of Canaan is an iconic story. Not only is it the central national origin story for Jews, but it also forms the foundation for a great deal of essential Christian theology: the Passover, with its images of lamb’s blood smeared on the front doors to ward off death and judgment, and announce salvation and liberation … the giving of the Ten Commandments and the entire Levitical law … establishing a new religious system … the journey to the Promised Land. These are all themes that are picked up later in the New Testament, and provide the context for Jesus’ mission and death on the cross. For this reason, this story of the Exodus of Israel out of Egypt is a staple for Christian Sunday School curricula and sermons alike. But many modern scholars will ask a very unsettling question: did it really happen? To explore this, we talked to Dr. Richard Elliott Friedman, a scholar of ancient Israelite history with impeccable credentials (Harvard; Oxford; Cambridge; University of Haifa [Israel]; UCSD). Points that we talked about include: Cecil B. DeMille’s 1956 movie The Ten Commandments, with Charlton Heston as Moses, has become the Christian/Western cultural memory of that Old Testament history are Christians guilty of cultural appropriation when they take that entire story and make it their own? what data do we have for that Old Testament history …. in addition to the Old Testament itself, we now have archaeological data and genetic data, but not other literary data from non-Jewish sources there are many Egyptianisms in the Old Testament story (the Hebrew Tabernacle looks like the Battle Tent of Ramses II; the Ark looks like a religious box used in Egyptian parades; ritual practices such as circumcision; sacrifices; brick-making; Egyptian names) there was not one massive exodus, but many small exoduses; people groups were constantly coming and going from Egypt “the Exodus” did happen; it just didn’t happen the way it’s described (it wasn’t two million people leaving all at once) the writing of the Old Testament involved many people (it was not just Moses) and was influenced by a variety of political and religious forces; these include two groups of priests who were more allied with either Moses or with Aaron the laity (the people in the church pews) are decades/centuries behind the scholars when it comes to understanding the origin, editing, and redacting of the Old Testament; Evangelical academics are beginning to “catch up” the nation of Israel was a confederation of different indigenous people groups who were already living in Palestine (including ones who were already coming and going from Egypt over the prior centuries), as well as a group of Levites who left Egypt in some kind of dramatic fashion; it was the latter who re-shaped their own history together with that of the existing people groups, and who then taught that revisionist history to the children until it became national doctrine these various people groups worshipped several gods, including Yahweh (the Midianites and others) and El (Canaanites; Ugarit; Phoenicians) the Levites who came from Egypt joined this confederation much later, and re-shaped the religious practices of this emerging nation of Israel if the “Exodus” and the religious rituals of Israel didn’t happen in the way that we are led to believe from a superficial reading of the book of Exodus, then what do we do with the Passover, which is a ritual that celebrates that Exodus, and which Christians have completely appropriated as the very foundation of their theology (Christ as the Passover Lamb, and his blood shed for our redemption) in the Ancient Near East, atonement required blood As always, tell us your thoughts on this topic … Find more information about Dr. Richard Elliott Friedman at his personal web-site. If you enjoyed this episode, you may also enjoy Episode #57, in which we interviewed Dr. Peter Enns about the origin and writing of the Old Testament, or Episode #80, in which Dr. Aren Maier tells us about the origin and evolution of Judaism and the nation of Israel. Movie promotional image from Paramount Pictures. To help grow this podcast, please like, share and post a rating/review at your favorite podcast catcher. Subscribe here to get updates each time a new episode is posted, and find us on Twitter or Facebook. Back to Recovering Evangelicals home-page and the podcast archive

We look back on the previous four episodes, evaluate what we learned, pull together some loose threads, and set some objectives for future episodes. This is our fifth and final episode in our mini-series on the Christian view of human sexuality and gender. After listening to four scholars give their various expert perspectives on this topic, Scott and I reflect on what we learned and what issues still need to be explored. Points that we touched on include: religions can have varying interests in many other aspects of human existence, but they all have rules around sex Christianity and Judaism are particularly interested in controlling sexuality and gender would a God of cosmic proportions be as fixated on this? perhaps Christianity should be more fixated on poverty than on sexuality Christians excel at proof-texting or cherry-picking verses from the first five books of the Bible, from which they get words that they can’t define (abomination; fornication) and phrases that they can’t explain (image of God; your physical body is a spiritual temple; two people being made “one flesh”) to justify their peculiar rules about sex a close and careful study of those Old Testament passages, without presuppositions like inerrancy and infallibility, points to a more human origin for those ancient texts our extreme difficulty in getting Christian scholars to defend the Evangelical view of sex we push back on the claim that the Bible is actually very supportive of sex; Christian experience and Church tradition are even much less so Christian aversion to sex stems from its roots in Greek philosophy mortality in childbirth is the supreme argument against the Intelligent Design claim that God created us to enjoy sex some common arguments that Christians fumble when condemning masturbation, pornography, and homosexuality: “if you’ve lusted in your mind, you’ve already committed adultery” “Jesus’s answer about divorce shows us homosexuality is wrong” Jesus wasn’t talking about “Adam&Eve” because “Adam” didn’t have a father or mother Scott getting into trouble with last week’s guest (Dr. Sara Moslener) when talking about Evangelical purity culture becoming rape culture listener feedback from Doug, Cynthia, Rachel, David and Edward people aspiring to have a “Biblical marriage”, or to be a “Biblical wife/husband” … perhaps they should look at what the Bible actually says about that is Christianity just “caving in” to secular culture; can we learn from it? how can we recover from this unhealthy theology As always, tell us your thoughts on this topic … If you enjoyed this episode, you may also like two previous ones in which we give a 101 on Evangelicals and Evangelicalism (Episodes #38 and #39), or one in which we talked about Intelligent Design (Episode #21). To help grow this podcast, please like, share and post a rating/review at your favorite podcast catcher. Subscribe here to get updates each time a new episode is posted, and find us on Twitter or Facebook. Back to Recovering Evangelicals home-page and the podcast archive