Fish oil, specifically the omega-3 fatty acid DHA, has been shown to ameliorate depressive symptoms and has anti-inflammatory effects. LPS, a polysaccharide found in fish oil, activates the vagus nerve and increases body temperature as a signal of infection. DHA in phospholipid form is more bioavailable and can penetrate the brain through a transporter called the MFSD2A transporter. This is especially relevant for individuals with the ApoE4 gene, which is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Consumption of at least two grams of fish oil per day is recommended, as it is a powerful anti-inflammatory agent that can positively impact cognition, emotional well-being, and aging. Observational studies have shown that the omega-3 index, a long-term marker of omega-3 status measured in red blood cells, is associated with reduced mortality risk and cardiovascular disease risk. However, plasma phospholipid levels are not a reliable marker for long-term omega-3 status. The standard American diet has an omega-3 index of 5%, while Japan has an omega-3 index of around 10%.

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