Vijayendra (Biju) Rao, an innovative economist, emphasizes the necessity of integrating sociology and anthropology into economic analysis. He passionately critiques conventional methodologies, advocating for a more human-centered approach to understanding societal challenges. The conversation touches on the importance of cognitive empathy in research, the interplay of democracy and community participation, and rethinking the notions of well-being and welfare. Biju also shares personal anecdotes that shape his unique perspective on economics and the role of mentorship in academic journeys.