Luis de Molina, a key figure in 17th-century philosophy, is spotlighted for his controversial doctrine of 'middle knowledge,' which addresses the tension between human free will and divine foreknowledge. The discussion reveals how Molina’s ideas challenged traditional views and sparked fierce debates among Catholic thinkers. The conflict between Molina and his Dominican counterpart, Báñez, highlights the theological rift over free will and grace, echoing through centuries of discussion on moral responsibility and agency.