Nicholas Eberstadt, a prominent political economist and expert on demographics, joins Kanishk Tharoor to discuss a looming global challenge: the age of depopulation. They delve into the dramatic drop in fertility rates, particularly in places like India and Europe. Eberstadt argues that personal choices, rather than policies, drive these declines. They explore how governments can better manage the implications of shrinking populations, touching on migration, automation, and the balance between individual freedom and societal needs in an evolving world.