What are divorced people entitled to under Indian law?
Sep 9, 2024
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Recent Supreme Court rulings highlight the rights of divorced Muslim women to maintenance, emphasizing legal entitlements under Section 125. The discussion covers the complexities of maintenance calculation across different personal laws and the challenges women face in court. A landmark decision transcends traditional legal frameworks, advocating for fairer systems. The podcast also explores the dynamics of custody rights and the need for reform to ensure a more individualized and sensitive approach in post-divorce scenarios.
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Quick takeaways
Divorced individuals in India, regardless of religion, can claim maintenance under the Criminal Procedure Code, with the calculation relying heavily on subjective judicial assessments.
The complexities of child custody arrangements often disadvantage women, as financial responsibilities and custody rights intertwine, affecting maintenance claims.
Deep dives
Entitlement to Maintenance Under Secular Law
Indian law provides that all individuals, regardless of religion, can claim maintenance under the Criminal Procedure Code, which applies to both matrimonial and child support. Recent rulings have reinforced that divorced Muslim women can pursue maintenance claims based on secular law, countering past exclusions under Muslim personal law. The process requires the claiming spouse, typically the wife, to establish her inability to maintain herself and the husband's capacity to provide support, as there is no automatic division of assets post-divorce. While courts have discretion in determining maintenance amounts, the calculations often depend on various factors, including each party's financial status and the lifestyle accustomed to during the marriage.
Challenges in Calculating Maintenance Amounts
The system lacks a standardized formula for calculating maintenance, leading to considerable variation in judgments. Judges often base their decisions on subjective assessments of what constitutes a reasonable amount, which can diverge significantly from the needs of the claiming spouse. For instance, in high-income households, the benchmarks set for 'reasonable living' can fall short of what the financially dependent spouse requires to maintain a similar lifestyle post-divorce. This inconsistency highlights the need for greater judicial awareness and potentially a standardized guideline that considers individual circumstances more sensitively.
Custody Arrangements and Their Impact on Maintenance
Child custody issues are increasingly complex and often reflect societal biases that disadvantage women, particularly in terms of their caregiving roles. While courts typically favor mothers for custody of children, various factors can upset this balance, such as the mother's work situation or attempts to relocate. Additionally, maintenance payments can hinge on custody arrangements, complicating the financial responsibilities of both parents. Recent trends indicate a shift towards recognizing the support women's parents can provide, which may enhance their confidence in claiming custody and financial support from their former spouses.
There were two recent court proceedings in the country that related to divorce and maintenance: in July, the Supreme Court once again upheld a divorced Muslim woman’s rights to claim maintenance under Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code or the secular law ruling that this applies to all women “irrespective of religion.” And then just a couple of weeks ago, questioned a woman who had asked for over Rs. 6 lakh per month as maintenance from her ex-husband. The court advised the woman to provide a more reasonable account of her expenses if she wanted the court to consider her application further.
So what exactly is a divorced person entitled to as maintenance – spousal and child support if children are involved, under the divorce laws in the country? How is this amount calculated? Why do so many women have to approach the higher courts for maintenance? Does the principle of being able to live in the same position as prior to the divorce apply? And does there need to be a fairer, more sensitive system for all involved?
Guest: Guest: Mihira Sood, a lawyer at the Supreme Court of India and a visiting professor at the National Law University, Delhi
Host: Zubeda Hamid
Edited by Jude Francis Weston
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