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China has been rapidly modernizing and expanding its nuclear arsenal in recent years. The size of China's nuclear warhead stockpile has increased significantly, with estimates suggesting it could reach 1,500 warheads by 2035. China is also diversifying its nuclear forces, including the development of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, expanding its nuclear delivery vehicles, and improving the quality of its nuclear forces. Additionally, China is investing in supporting infrastructure, such as early warning systems and advanced nuclear technologies like hypersonic glide vehicles. While the exact reasons for China's nuclear expansion are unclear, three models stand out: the secure second strike model, the nuclear shield model, and the great power status model. These models emphasize the need to maintain a secure deterrent, expand deterrence capabilities beyond nuclear threats, and enhance China's international prestige, respectively. The implications of China's nuclear modernization are varied. It strengthens China's nuclear deterrence and reduces susceptibility to nuclear threats, placing greater importance on conventional forces. China's increasing capabilities also make threats of limited nuclear escalation more credible, though there is no evidence of intent. Arms control negotiations between China and the United States face challenges due to deteriorating US-China relations, imbalances in Asia, the potential for China-Russia strategic cooperation, and complexities in conventional-nuclear interactions. While some transparency, crisis communications, and confidence-building measures can be explored, prospects for significant progress in arms control remain uncertain.