Essay #100: Ruth Kinna, ‘Mutual Aid: What It Is and What It Is Not’
Mar 3, 2025
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Guest Ruth Kinna, a member of the Anarchism Research Group and author of *The Government of No One*, delves into the concept of mutual aid within anarchism. She challenges misconceptions about anarchist ideology and highlights historical figures like Alexander Berkman. The discussion spans the application of mutual aid in emergency responses by governmental bodies and examines its origins in anarchist thought, particularly through thinkers like Kropotkin. Kinna emphasizes the ethical principles of mutual aid and its vital role during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Mutual aid, rooted in genuine solidarity, challenges the mainstream interpretation of self-serving contracts by emphasizing ethical cooperation among communities.
The historical exploration of mutual aid illustrates its distortion in political contexts while reinforcing its importance for collective flourishing and support in anarchist thought.
Deep dives
Understanding Mutual Aid
Mutual aid is a critical concept within anarchism emphasizing cooperation and support among individuals and communities. Unlike mainstream interpretations that often frame mutual aid as a contractual and self-serving arrangement, anarchism views it as an ethical principle rooted in genuine solidarity. The historical context of mutual aid is explored through examples, such as the arrangements made during World War II between the UK and the US under the title of mutual aid, showcasing how political contexts can distort its meaning. In contrast, the anarchist perspective insists that mutual aid operates outside the bounds of competition and self-interest, aiming instead for collective flourishing and interconnectedness.
Kropotkin and the Roots of Mutual Aid
The origins of the anarchist concept of mutual aid can be traced back to Peter Kropotkin, who argued against the dominant social Darwinist view that emphasized competition in nature. Kropotkin’s work highlighted that cooperation is essential for the survival and flourishing of species, presenting mutual aid as a vital aspect of social evolution. He pointed out that those species exhibiting the greatest levels of sympathy and cooperation tended to prosper the most, challenging assumptions that positioned competition as the sole driver of progress. This framework emphasizes that social wellbeing is built on collective support rather than individualistic competition.
Modern Anarchism and Pragmatic Approaches
Contemporary anarchists view mutual aid as both an ethical imperative and an organizational model, seeking to foster solidarity through practical actions. Recent movements, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, illustrated the effectiveness of mutual aid networks as a grassroots response to community needs in times of crisis. Activists have increasingly adopted a pragmatic stance, recognizing that mutual aid must adapt to the unique challenges posed by societal structures and government neglect. This adaptability is essential for sustaining mutual aid practice and aligning it with anarchist principles in a rapidly changing world.
This essay is adapted from Jim Donaghey's excellent collection, Fight for a New Normal? Anarchism and Mutual Aid in the Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis . It discusses some of the applications of 'mutual aid' in government agencies and its articulation in nineteenth century anarchist thought to flesh out a grassroots, transformative conception.
Ruth Kinna is a member of the Anarchism Research Group at Loughborough University and the author of The Government of No One.