Listen as Dan Snow and guest Tristan Hughes explore the extraordinary life of Alexander the Great, discussing his conquests, battles, and the decline of his empire after his death.
Alexander the Great embraced aspects of Persian culture to maintain control over conquered lands.
Alexander achieved notable victories at the Battle of Granicus and the Battle of Gaugamela, solidifying his control over the Persian Empire.
After Alexander's death, a power struggle among his generals led to the disintegration of his empire into separate kingdoms.
Deep dives
Alexander the Great's Conquest and Rule
Alexander the Great, after defeating the Persian Empire, establishes control over the conquered lands, embracing aspects of Persian culture to maintain control. He continues his conquests eastward, facing challenges from revolts and reluctant soldiers. He defeats Porus in India but faces mutiny from his army, leading him to change his plans and sail back to the Persian heartlands. He aims to target Athens and potentially expand further west towards Italy and Carthage. However, his premature death at age 32 leads to a power struggle among his generals and the disintegration of his empire into separate kingdoms.
The Battle of Granicus and Gaugamela Victories
Alexander achieves notable victories at the Battle of Granicus and the Battle of Gaugamela. At Granicus, he faces Persian governors who mass forces but is able to cross the river and secure victory through strategic maneuvers. In Gaugamela, despite being outnumbered, Alexander outmaneuvers the Persian army, personally targeting Darius III, forcing his retreat and ultimately routing the Persian forces. These victories solidify Alexander's control over the Persian Empire.
Challenges and Reluctance in Continuing Eastward
As Alexander extends his conquests into Afghanistan and Uzbekistan, his army becomes increasingly reluctant to continue further east. They encounter a mutiny at the Hyphasis River, leading Alexander to change his plans and sail down the Indus River towards the Persian heartlands. His soldiers fear further resistance from new Indian armies and persuade Alexander to return. He campaigns in the Indus River Valley and later plans for a potential Arabian campaign.
The Succession Crisis and Fragmentation of the Empire
After Alexander's death, a regency is established, but a power struggle among his generals ensues. Wars and revolts break out as former generals of Alexander vie for control of his empire. The empire eventually fragments into separate kingdoms, including the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt, the Seleucids in the Near East, and the Antigonids in Macedonia. These kingdoms will face intermittent civil wars for the next 40 years.
Legacy and Future Conflicts
Alexander's conquests have a lasting impact, shaping the cultural and political landscape of the ancient world. His empire paved the way for conflicts with emerging powers such as the Roman Empire. Despite his short-lived rule, his military genius and determination have left an indelible mark in history.
This is everything you need to know about the famed conqueror Alexander the Great. Alongside Tristan Hughes, host of the hit podcast The Ancients, Dan follows Alexander on a whistle-stop tour from his life in Macedonia to his epic battles with the Persians and eventually, to his death in Babylon.
Produced by James Hickmann and edited by Dougal Patmore.
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