Discover Umberto Eco's analysis of Wikileaks and the concept of scandal. Explore the challenges of maintaining secrecy in the digital age and the power of shaping information. Learn about the relationship between Julian Assange and Andrew O'Hagan and the significance of Wikileaks in exposing hidden information.
Umberto Eco argues that Wikileaks revealed fake scandals rather than genuine secrets, as the leaked information was already known or evident in the public domain.
In the digital age, the sheer volume of information and confirmation bias make it challenging to discern genuinely new information and the digital revolution has reinforced existing power structures rather than ushering in transparency and democracy.
Deep dives
Umberto Ecos' Career and Themes
Umberto Eco, although best known for his novel 'The Name of the Rose,' was primarily an academic and essayist, writing extensively about literature, philosophy, and semiotics. His work often focused on signs, symbols, and language, exploring how they reveal and conceal truth. Eco believed that language and the world built around it are difficult to interpret transparently. He became fascinated with the false promise of the digital revolution, particularly regarding transparency and openness. His interest in signs and symbols led him to write an essay about Wikileaks, which he viewed as a fake scandal, as it revealed information already known and did not expose genuine secrets.
Wikileaks and the Distinction between Scandals and Crisis
Wikileaks, founded in 2006, aimed to expose hidden government documents, particularly from the US government, to foster transparency and inform citizens about secret government activities. However, Echo argues that the so-called revelations offered by Wikileaks were not genuine scandals but rather fake scandals. They uncovered information that was already known or evident in the public domain. The leaked US government diplomatic communications revealed that diplomats were gathering information and sending it back home, much of which was already public knowledge. Echo asserts that diplomacy involves gathering information, and the notion of diplomats as spies is not a revelation. He distinguishes scandals, which reveal something previously hidden but usually not crucial to a system's sustainability, from crises, which signify a breakdown of operations in a sustainable system.
The Digital Revolution and Confirmation Bias
Echo argues that in the digital age, where there is an overwhelming volume of information, people tend to read and interpret information through the lens of confirmation bias. Rather than seeking new information, individuals gravitate towards what reinforces their existing beliefs. He compares this behavior to conspiracy theorists, who seek evidence to confirm what they already believe. The sheer volume of information, including leaks from Wikileaks, makes it challenging to discern genuinely new information. Echo believes that the digital revolution has not ushered in a transparent and democratic age but has instead reinforced existing power structures. He suggests that the struggle lies not in gaining access to information but in how information is shaped, filtered, and communicated by those in positions of influence.
Wikileaks, Julian Assange, and The Shock of the Old
Echo's viewpoint aligns with author Andrew O'Hagan, who was commissioned to ghostwrite Julian Assange's autobiography. O'Hagan observed that Assange was more interested in creating a scandal and maintaining his own public image than utilizing the vast amount of leaked information to tell critical stories. Assange's preference for scandal perpetuated Wikileaks as a hoarder of secrets rather than an organization that curated and revealed pertinent information. This behavior, according to O'Hagan, stemmed from Assange's personal obsessions and his relationship with traditional media, rather than a genuine pursuit of transparency and social change. Echo concludes that the power lies not in the information itself but in those who have the capacity to shape, filter, and communicate it effectively.
Episode 11 in our series on the great essays explores Umberto Eco’s ‘Thoughts on Wikileaks’ (2010). Eco writes about what makes a true scandal, what are real secrets, and what it would mean to expose the hidden workings of power. It is an essay that connects digital technology, medieval mystery and Dan Brown. Plus David talks about the hidden meaning of Julian Assange.
‘The breadth of Eco’s search spreads out to include disgust, horror, fear, obscenity, misogyny, perversity, bigotry, social exclusiveness, repression, inexplicability, evil, deformation, degradation, heterogeneity.’