Helen Lewis joins to discuss Mesmerism, delving into its origins, societal impacts, and connections to modern phenomena. Topics include Franz Mesmer as a healer or charlatan, the evolution of Mesmerism, gender bias in medical research, psychological influences on health, and parallels to social contagion and hypnotherapy.
Mesmerism blurred boundaries between science and pseudoscience in the 18th century.
The gendered exploitation in Mesmerism raised concerns about societal perceptions and vulnerability.
Mesmerism controversies highlighted the power dynamics of belief and manipulation in politics and society.
Deep dives
History and Consequences of Mesmerism
Mesmerism, also known as animal magnetism, was a popular concept in the late 18th century introduced by Franz Anton Mesmer. He believed in the healing power of magnets and the influence of a magnetic fluid in the body to cure illnesses, reminiscent of the humoral theory. Mesmer's methods induced trance-like states in patients through spasms and fits. The era, filled with discoveries of invisible forces like radiation and electricity, was ripe for such ideas, bridging science and pseudoscience.
Complexity Through Faith and Manipulation
Mesmer's approach raised questions about the genuine belief behind his methods. He evolved his techniques from magnetism to hand gestures and group treatments with electric rods, drawing comparison to cult-like behaviors and creating a franchise model. The gendered aspect of Mesmerism, primarily targeting women, raised issues of exploitation and vulnerability in the context of female health problems and societal perceptions. The fusion of science, religion, and mesmerist charisma blurred the lines between pseudoscience and genuine medical intent.
Legacy of Mesmerism and Reflections on Manipulation
Mesmerism's controversies extended to political and societal domains, sparking fears of manipulative influences akin to a mass hypnotic effect. The accusations of engineered hysteria and contagion within politics and society shed light on the power dynamics of belief and manipulation. The contrasting perceptions of charismatic figures like Mesmer and the interpretations of their actions as either mountebank fraud or charlatan misguided expertise reflected the intricate balance between faith, cynicism, and impact on mass psychology and societal structures.
The Influence of Personal Charisma in Politics and Decision-Making
Personal charisma plays a significant role in politics and decision-making, as observed through examples like Tony Blair and Dominic Cummings. While brilliance and charisma are distinct qualities, the ability to connect with individuals on a personal level and make them feel valued holds immense power. The willingness to break traditional norms or rules in pursuit of specific goals, such as achieving Brexit, is evident in political figures like Cummings, highlighting a modern concept of genius as a disruptor.
The Evolution of Hypnosis from Mesmerism and Insights into Functional Illnesses
The historical concept of mesmerism has evolved into hypnosis, demonstrating a spectrum of usefulness and skepticism. Insights derived from mesmerism, such as the mind's influence on the body, have persisted into modern practices like hypnobirthing and cognitive behavioral therapy. Despite the debunking of certain mesmerism beliefs, the fundamental understanding that mental processes can impact physical health remains relevant in medical treatments for conditions like irritable bowel syndrome.
For our last episode in this series David is joined by Helen Lewis to discuss Mesmerism – aka animal magnetism – an eighteenth-century method of hypnosis for which great medical benefits were claimed. Was its originator, Franz Mesmer, a charlatan or a healer? Was his movement science or religion or something in between? And what can it tell us about twenty-first century phenomena from online social contagion to hypnotherapy?
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Coming next: The Great Political Fictions resumes with Middlemarch, the greatest of them all.