Special Episode: Dr. Noah Whiteman & Most Delicious Poison
Jun 18, 2024
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Dr. Noah Whiteman, a toxicology expert, discusses the evolution and neuroscience of plant- and animal-derived poisons, exploring their fine line between healing and harm. He delves into the complex relationships between humans and nature's toxins, showcasing examples like digitalis and opiates. The podcast covers the historical and medicinal significance of poisonous plants, parallels between human chemical use and natural adaptations, diversity of toxins in plants, and the role of toxins in defense and manipulation.
Poisons can have varied effects - attracted, addicted, healed, repelled, or harmed, depending on the organism and dosage.
Understanding the chemistry of toxins in plants and animals is crucial for biodiversity conservation and future pharmacopoeia.
Addictive compounds affect neural circuits in the brain, while psychedelics primarily bind to serotonin receptors and are less likely to lead to addiction.
Deep dives
The impact of unfiltered coffee on cholesterol levels
Unfiltered coffee, such as French press coffee, contains compounds known as Caffostal and Cauayol, which are Diterpene alcohols. These compounds can increase LDL cholesterol levels in the body, leading to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease if consumed in large quantities. While these compounds are naturally present in Arabica beans, they are filtered out by paper filters or the grounds in auto drip coffee makers. Therefore, consuming unfiltered coffee regularly can raise cholesterol levels due to the presence of these compounds.
The importance of preserving biodiversity for future pharmacopoeia
The tropical forests, which hold the majority of the Earth's biodiversity, are crucial for preserving the future of pharmacopoeia. These biodiverse regions are where most natural drugs are found, with indigenous lands holding significant carbon sequestering capacity. Preserving these habitats is essential not only for discovering new drugs but also for protecting indigenous cultures and ensuring a sustainable future for humanity.
Comparing addiction pathways of different compounds
Addictive compounds, such as alcohol, opioids, and methamphetamine, affect neural circuits in the brain, particularly involving dopamine and endogenous opioid pathways. Individuals with adverse childhood experiences, genetic predispositions, and trauma are more susceptible to developing addiction disorders. In contrast, psychedelics primarily bind to serotonin receptors in the brain and do not typically lead to addiction.
The potential of newly discovered toxins for medicinal use
Newly discovered toxins can offer a wide range of effects, from addictive properties to psychedelic experiences, based on their chemical structures and interaction with receptors in the body. Understanding how a toxin binds to certain receptors can help predict its potential effects, whether it be addictive, medicinal, or psychedelic. By studying the structure and mechanisms of toxins, researchers can gain insights into their pharmacological properties.
The relationship between toxic chemicals and biodiversity
Toxic chemicals found in plants and animals play a crucial role in biodiversity conservation and the future of pharmacopoeia. Loss of biodiverse habitats, such as through deforestation or habitat fragmentation, can lead to the extinction of plant species that produce valuable toxins for medicinal purposes. Preserving biodiversity in tropical regions, where the majority of chemical diversity is found, is essential for uncovering new drugs and ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources for future generations.
The word “poison” is much more subjective than it may first appear. It’s likely you’ve come across the phrase, “the dose makes the poison”, referring to some compounds that are beneficial in small amounts but deadly in others - such as digitalis. And then there’s the intended recipient of the “poison”; a poison to one animal might be a boon to another, like milkweeds and monarch butterflies. Our own relationships to poisons can be unpredictable. Attracted, addicted, healed, repelled, harmed, neutral - all are possible alone or in combination. Why do organisms produce caffeine, penicillin, alcohol, capsaicin, opioids, cyanide, and countless other poisons, and why are our responses so varied? That’s exactly what author Dr. Noah Whiteman explores in his book Most Delicious Poison: The Story of Nature's Toxins--From Spices to Vices. Dr. Whiteman, who is Professor of Genetics, Genomics, Evolution and Development and Director of the Essig Museum of Entomology at UC-Berkeley, takes us through the evolution, chemistry, and neuroscience of plant- and animal-derived poisons and explores the fine line between healing and harm. Weaving together personal narratives with stories of scientific discovery and evolutionary biology, Dr. Whiteman presents an expansive view of the world of these poisons and what they mean to us. Tune in today!